Should drivers pay a fine for texting while driving Essay

Should drivers pay a fine for texting while driving - Essay Example Now then is today’s world we have cell phones, smart phones, computers, social media and all sorts of technology. You can control, plan, coordinate, search and travel all at once. Because of modern technology all that we used to do while being static, can now be achieved when driving from point to point. The last bit however was not a technological advancement but more of a convenience, a potentially harmful convenience. Texting or use of mobile while driving is distracting and is the cause of most distraction related road accidents. Most States in the US have a ban on speaking on mobile phones while driving and allow hands-free devices. There is still mixed opinions on whether strict traffic rules should include a ban on texting while driving. This article reviews whether there should be a ban on texting while driving. First let us start the argument by saying that Texting while driving is dangerous and that there should be a law and strict penalties against texting while driving. We will now examine why? Many people argue tat texting and driving cannot be equated to drinking and driving under other influences. We all agree that there are far many other distractions to a person in a car. The driver could even get distracted by trying to adjust the volume of their CD player or while talking to a passenger or even glancing back to look for the blind spot longer than necessary. But we have to also bear in mind that these are actions that may cause us to take our eyes of the road but do not necessarily involve too much brain function. While these are actions that are not recommended either we have to agree that talking on the phone or texting involves lot more concentration from the driver than any of these above mentioned functions. A driver could be talking to a passenger sitting next to him or her. But there is a subconscious awareness by at least one of them to watch the road in most cases. A person can have their eyes on the road and

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

International Financial Management - Essay Example Thirdly, firms aim at broadening their market. Fourthly, companies aim at increasing their returns. In terms of career, International financial management is focused to the students who aim at being involved in investment across the border where they will be involved in making financing decision while working managers, investors or consultants. Four key areas that are covered by International financial management include currencies, multinational financial decision making, institution and finance and cross border valuation. This paper seeks to discuss various issues that came about during the half yearly meeting of International Investments plc from various stakeholders. Being the world’s primary reserve, the dollar is a key aspect that helps US government to keep interest at low level. On their part, foreign countries buy the US treasury debt for two main reasons. First, it is an investment that the countries can use to improve their monetary policies. Secondly, dollar-denominated assets as compared to other currencies are the best way to hold foreign exchange reserves (Brealey and Myers, 1991). As indicated by Catherine Mann, long-term global economic health demands that United States and the trading partners to collect internal imbalances as well as external balances. In order to ensure that the future position of the dollar remains strong there is need for co-dependency between US and the trading partners (Grimwade, 2000). In the case of depreciation of a dollar, there will be an economic problem that will involve global re-balancing. Global re-balancing refers to complementary narrowing of two imbalances across the globe. These include e xpansive dependence of other countries on the net exports of the US as well as the increasing US current account deficit. One of the key roles of global co-dependency is that it prevents the dollar from depreciation while at the same time keeping the current configuration of the world imbalances at the best position

Differentiation Between Respiration and Breathing

Differentiation Between Respiration and Breathing Report: The differentiation between respiration and breathing and an explanation of the adaptation of the alveoli and their role in gas exchange. Introduction This report will explore the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions and attaching a hand drawn diagram of the respiratory tract to refer to. The author will also give an explanation of how gasses are exchanged through the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli will be provided to show how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange. A summary will then be drawn from the findings. Differences between respiration and breathing The Respiratory System (Appendix .1) The respiratory system consists of tissues and also organs that help with the process of breathing. The core parts of this important system are the airways, lungs, linked blood vessels, and also the muscles that allow breathing. Airways The airways are pipes that carry oxygen to the lungs. They also carry waste gas, such as carbon dioxide out of the lungs. The airways consists of; linked air passages in the nose, (called nasal cavities), the mouth, Larynx (voice box), the trachea (windpipe) and lastly tubes named bronchi or also known as bronchial tubes, and also their branches. Air moves into the body through the mouth and nose, which warms and also wets the air. (Dry cold air can irritate the lungs causing problems for asthma sufferers). The air then moves down the Larynx and through the trachea. The windpipe splits into two bronchial tubes, the ait moves through here and then enters the lungs (Remedy Health Media, 2015). A thin flap of tissue named the epiglottis, covers the windpipe when swallowing. This prevents both food and drink from entering the air passageways that lead to the lungs, if this failed to be successful an individual could die. With an exception of some parts of the nose and the mouth, all of the other airways have special hairs known as cilia that are coated with tacky/sticky mucus. These cilia trap foreign particles and germs that enter the airways when breathing in. These tiny, fine hairs then collect the particles up to the mouth or nose. From there, theyre swallowed, sneezed or coughed out. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap germs and particles. Lungs and Blood Vessels Remedy Health Media (2015), also suggest that linked blood vessels and also the lungs carry oxygen to the human body and also remove carbon dioxide. The lungs are situated on either side of the breastbone and fill the area of the chest cavity. The left hand lung is ever so slightly smaller than the right hand lung to allow room for the cardiac muscle (heart). In both lungs, the bronchi divide into thousands of thinner tubes known as bronchioles and these thin tubes end in bunches of tiny rounded air sacs known as alveoli. Each of the alveoli are covered with little blood vessels known as capillaries. The capillaries connect to a complex system of veins and arteries that transport blood through the whole body. The pulmonary artery including also its branches carry blood which is holding only carbon dioxide and no oxygen to the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Inside the alveoli, carbon dioxide transfers from the blood into the air. In conjunction with this, oxygen transfers from the air and into the blood within the capillaries. The blood which is now carrying the oxygen moves to the heart through the pulmonary vein and also its branches. The cardiac muscle pumps the blood holding the oxygen out to the body. The lungs are separated into five sections known as lobes. Some individuals have to have a diseased lung lobe removed, however they can still breathe sufficiently by using their remaining lung lobes. Muscles Used for Breathing Human Kinetics (2015), state that muscles situated near to the lungs help expand (loosen) and contract, (tighten) the lungs to allow breathing. These muscles comprise of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and muscles in the neck and also collarbone area. The diaphragm is the main muscle for breathing and is dome-shaped and located beneath the lungs. It divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. They also explain that the intercostal muscles are positioned between the ribs. They also play a huge part in helping with our breathing. Beneath the diaphragm are the abdominal muscles. They help with breathing out when we breathe fast (for example, during exercise). Muscles in the neck and also collarbone area help with inhalation when other muscles involved in breathing dont work as well as they should, or when lung disease impairs breathing capacity. Breathing Inhalation Hyper physics (2012), explain that during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves down which maximises the space in the chest, allowing room for the lungs to expand. The intercostal muscles situated in between the ribs also help to enlarge the chest. They contract to move the rib cage both up and out when inhaling. As the lungs capacity increases, air is drawn in through the mouth and nose. The air makes its way through the windpipe and enters the lungs. After making its way through the bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and moves into the alveoli. Through the extremely thin walls of the alveoli, oxygen taken from the air moves to the capillaries. Haemoglobin, a red blood cell protein aids the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood. In conjunction with this, carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries into the alveoli. The gas has travelled in the bloodstream from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery. Blood carrying oxygen from the lungs is carried through the capillaries to the pulmonary vein which delivers the oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body. There, the oxygen in the blood moves from blood vessels into surrounding tissues (Hyper physics, 2012). Exhalation During the act exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up and into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles which sit between the ribs also relax to decrease the space available within the chest cavity. As this available space in the chest cavity reduces, air rich in carbon dioxide is forced out of the lungs and then windpipe, and lastly out of the mouth or nose (Boundless Biology, 2015). Exhalation requires no effort unless lung disease is apparent or physical activity is taking place. During physically activity, the stomach muscles contract and force the diaphragm against the lungs more than usual which rapidly pushes air out of the lungs (Boundless Biology, 2015). The adaptations of the alveoli and their role in gas exchange Gas exchange An exchange of gases takes place within the alveoli, between the gases inside the alveoli and the blood. Blood that arrives in the alveoli has a greater carbon dioxide concentration which is produced during  respiration  by the body’s cells. However, the air in the alveoli has a much smaller concentration of carbon dioxide, resulting in a concentration gradient  which allows carbon dioxide to  diffuse  out of the blood and into the alveolar air (Intel, 2014). Also according to Intel (2014), blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower oxygen concentration (as it has been used for respiration by the body’s cells), while the air in the alveoli has a higher oxygen concentration. Therefore, oxygen moves into the blood by diffusion and combines with the  haemoglobin  in red blood cells to form the combined oxyhaemoglobin. This table taken from BBC (2014), shows the differences (estimated figures) in the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. Adaptations of the alveoli According to ABPI (2015), to maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange, the alveoli have numerous adaptations such as, they are folded, providing a much greater  surface area  for gas exchange to occur. Also the walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick which makes the exchange surface very thin shortening the diffusion distance across which gases have to move. Each alveolus is surrounded by blood  capillaries  which ensure a good blood supply. This is important as the blood is constantly taking oxygen away and bringing in more carbon dioxide, which helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli. Lastly each alveolus is  ventilated, removing waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air. This also helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli (ABPI, 2015). Summary This report has explored the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions. The author has also give an explanation of how gasses are exchanged through the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli has been provided to show how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange. Bibliography About. Com (2015) [Online] Available from: http://backandneck.about.com/od/breathing/a/breathingvencir_2.htm [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. BBC GCSE Bitesize (2014) [Online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Boundless Biology (2015) [Online] Available from: https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/breathing-221/the-mechanics-of-human-breathing-838-12083/ [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Boyle, M, Indge, B and Senior, K. 1999. Human Biology. London: Harper Collins. Human Kinetics (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/learn-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-muscles-involved-in-breathing [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Hyper Physics (2012) [Online] Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/respir.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Intel Corporation (2014) [Online] Available from: http://inteleducationresources.intel.co.uk/content/KeyStage3/Biology/PC/LearningSteps/AOALC/LO_Template.swf [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Joeseph, C. 2014. Anatomy. Ivy Press. Modelo Dynamic Views (2013) [Online] Available from: http://ibbiology2012.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/describe-features-of-alveoli-that-adapt.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Preserve Articles (2012) [Online] Available from: http://www.preservearticles.com/201101133233/difference-between-breathing-and-respiration.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Remedy Health Media (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.healthcommunities.com/pulmonology-anatomy/respiratory-tract-anatomy.shtml [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Ricardo Espulgas (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.sci-culture.com/advancedpoll/GCSE/differencebetweenbreathingandrespiration.htm [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Roberts, A. 2014. Human Anatomy, The Definitive Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley Limited. The association of the Pharmaceutical Industry ABPI (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/breathingandasthma/asthma4.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Wen MD (2005-2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.webmd.com/lung/pulmonary-vascular-disease [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Dominique Rundle

The Role of the Teacher in Education :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Education Essays

Schools are one of the first places where kids' behavior and future educational success is shaped. Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behavior toward students. The reason why the first years of school are so critical is because kids learn the base of their educational life. I believe that teachers must love their career in order for them to pass enthusiasm, to assists, and to provide a warm environment to the students. In my opinion teachers are the second mothers for the students because students spend a lot of time with their teachers. At the same time. I believe a real teacher becomes through many years of training and experiences in the field. The same way, mothers are not born being great mothers but as their experiences with their kids expands they become experts on the field. We know that mothers look the best for their kids and one of their goals is to raise their kids so they can become professionals and pioneers for the society. Some of the mother's role t oward kids is to give them care, love, respect, lead, instruct and to try to form a safe and pleasant environment at their homes. Are these attitudes of the mothers toward their kids related to what the role of the teacher should be with the students in the classroom? If not, what should be the role of the teachers then? I believe that a teacher is someone who becomes through many years of training and experiences in the field. I have not found a teacher who is an expert the first day of their profession. I believe that is urgent for everyone who is a teacher or is planning to become one to get prepare in the field the best they can. All teachers who get prepare will know how to set up rules in the classroom. Those kind of teachers will probably have less problems in their classroom because they will be able to control the classroom. There are all types of teachers some are better than others. Through my life I had some professors who were well prepared and some who were not. I had some teachers who just came into the class and stared teaching. They did not get involve with the students. I rarely talked to them. Those teachers did not showed any concern about what the students were feeling. The Role of the Teacher in Education :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Education Essays Schools are one of the first places where kids' behavior and future educational success is shaped. Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behavior toward students. The reason why the first years of school are so critical is because kids learn the base of their educational life. I believe that teachers must love their career in order for them to pass enthusiasm, to assists, and to provide a warm environment to the students. In my opinion teachers are the second mothers for the students because students spend a lot of time with their teachers. At the same time. I believe a real teacher becomes through many years of training and experiences in the field. The same way, mothers are not born being great mothers but as their experiences with their kids expands they become experts on the field. We know that mothers look the best for their kids and one of their goals is to raise their kids so they can become professionals and pioneers for the society. Some of the mother's role t oward kids is to give them care, love, respect, lead, instruct and to try to form a safe and pleasant environment at their homes. Are these attitudes of the mothers toward their kids related to what the role of the teacher should be with the students in the classroom? If not, what should be the role of the teachers then? I believe that a teacher is someone who becomes through many years of training and experiences in the field. I have not found a teacher who is an expert the first day of their profession. I believe that is urgent for everyone who is a teacher or is planning to become one to get prepare in the field the best they can. All teachers who get prepare will know how to set up rules in the classroom. Those kind of teachers will probably have less problems in their classroom because they will be able to control the classroom. There are all types of teachers some are better than others. Through my life I had some professors who were well prepared and some who were not. I had some teachers who just came into the class and stared teaching. They did not get involve with the students. I rarely talked to them. Those teachers did not showed any concern about what the students were feeling.

Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 7

I've been looking everywhere for you,† Blaise said. â€Å"I had to call Mrs. Ross to find out you were here.† Her black hair was wild and windblown, tumbling over her shoulders. She had taken off her red bow tie and unbuttoned the top button of her dress shirt. There was color in her cheeks and dark light in her gray eyes. She looked extremely beautiful and very, very witchy. Thea and Eric had moved apart and Thea had the feeling they were both blushing. â€Å"We were just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Eric said. â€Å"Um. Heh.† While Blaise scrutinized him, he picked up the blue blanket and started refolding it. â€Å"Uh, can I show you around?† â€Å"I don't care much for animals unless they've been shish-kebabed.† Blaise surveyed the room with one hand on her hip. Oh, she's in a terrific mood. Thea's palms were getting damp. She wasn't sure what Blaise thought of the embrace she'd walked in on†¦ but Thea was supposed to be leading Eric on, wasn't she? Her eye fell on the Kleenex daubed with Eric's blood. Unobtrusively, she reached for it and crumpled it in her hand. â€Å"So you left the dance,† she said to Blaise. â€Å"Where's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Who'd actually been Blaise's date tonight? Sergio? Kevin? Someone else? â€Å"There is no dance,† Blaise said. â€Å"They shut it down. Leave it to Randy-he was always a royal pain.† Then her face changed; she blinked and put on a sweet smile. â€Å"And who are you, darling?† In the doorway to the corridor, Rosamund backed up, Madame Curie clutched to her chest. She didn't say a word, but her hostile green eyes never left Blaise. â€Å"Uh, sorry,† Eric said. â€Å"That's my sister. She's- shy.† â€Å"So this is a family affair,† Blaise said. â€Å"How nice.† Thea said, â€Å"I think it's time to be going home.† She needed to talk to Eric, but alone, not with a disgruntled munchkin and a suspicious witch looking on. She glanced at Eric, feeling a little shy herself. He looked the same. â€Å"Well-see you at school.† â€Å"Yeah.† Suddenly he smiled. â€Å"You know, that's something else I was going to mention. If you're even thinking about going to Davis, you might want to get into honors zoology. It's a good class.† â€Å"Um-we'll see.† She was aware of Blaise watching her. But outside, all Blaise said was, â€Å"Sorry if I was rude. But I've been looking all over for you, so I could tell you what a great time I wasn't having. And†-she shook her midnight hair out with a charming smile;-â€Å"it's so much fun to be a bitch when you want to be.† Thea sighed, then stopped in her tracks. â€Å"Blaise, the car!† Kevin's silver-gray Porsche looked as if it had been through a war. The front bumper was caved in, the passenger door was mangled, and the windshield was cracked. â€Å"I had a little trouble,† Blaise said coolly. â€Å"It's all right, though; I met a guy tonight named Luke Price, who's got a Maserati.† She looked at Thea, then added, â€Å"You don't disapprove, do you? Of treating humans that way?† â€Å"No-of course not. I just don't want to get expelled again.† â€Å"It's not illegal to have an accident. Here, you have to get in through the driver's side now.† She drove, not seeming to choose any particular direction. Thea sat quietly, acutely aware of the probing glances cast her way every so often. â€Å"So,† Blaise said at last in her silkiest voice, â€Å"did you get it?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Don't be funny.† Thea held out her hand with the crumpled Kleenex on her palm. â€Å"I didn't fill the vial; that was ridiculous. But I used my ingenuity and got enough.† â€Å"Hmm.† Blaise's tapering fingers, tipped with blood-red nails, dosed delicately on the tissue. Startled, Thea snatched it back and the Kleenex tore. She ended up with only a corner. â€Å"Hey-â€Å" â€Å"What's the problem? I just want it for safekeeping,† Blaise said smoothly. â€Å"And so how did everything else go?† â€Å"Fine,† Thea said. Her palms were getting damp, but she managed to keep her voice airy. â€Å"I think he's hooked,† she added, trying to imitate Blaise's most languid and arrogant tones. â€Å"Oh, really?† They had ended up on the strip, which meant the car was now crawling through traffic. Neon highlighted the curious half-smile on Blaise's lips. â€Å"And what was that about Davis?† â€Å"Nothing. It's where he's going to college, so of course he'd like me to be with him.† â€Å"He's already thinking about the future. Well, that was fast work. Congratulations.† Thea didn't like the way she said it. More than ever, she wanted to protect Eric from Blaise-but she wasn't sure how. It depended on how much Blaise suspected. â€Å"You know, I think it's the pop that's the most fun,† Blaise went on reminiscently. â€Å"Human boys are all different-but in the end, they're all the same. And when they give in completely, you can almost hear it. There's a ‘pop.' Like a balloon breaking.† Thea swallowed, staring at the huge golden lion in front of the MGM Grand Hotel. Its green eyes reminded her of Eric. â€Å"Really? Sounds interesting.† â€Å"Oh, it is. And after the pop, they just kind of collapse, and everything they are, their whole self, just sort of pours out in this internal hemorrhage. And after that, of course, they're useless. Like a stag that's too old to mate. They're just-over.† â€Å"How nice.† â€Å"You know, I think Eric's ready for that pop. He's already in love with you; I could see that. I think it's time.† Thea just sat. A vampire girl, wearing a dress with a black rose design, threaded her way through stopped traffic. Finally, Thea said, â€Å"Blaise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What, is that a problem with you? Are you having difficulty with that? Are you a little soft on him, maybe? Are you a little too fond of him?† â€Å"Blaise-â€Å" â€Å"Are you in love with him?† Shock waves went through Thea, and the last question seemed to vibrate in the air. At last she whispered, â€Å"Don't be ridiculous.† â€Å"And don't you try to fool me. Remember who you're talking to. I know that dopey look you get when you're mooning over some animal. I saw the way you were holding him.† Thea felt desperate. It wasn't just Blaise she was afraid of here. Night World law couldn't be clearer about the penalty for loving a human. Death. Not only for her, but for Eric, too. There was only one thing Thea could do. She turned and looked at her cousin directly. â€Å"All right, Blaise, you do know me. We've always been like sisters, and I know that however you act sometimes, you still love me-â€Å" â€Å"Of course I do,† Blaise said impatiently, and Thea realized that was part of the problem. In the changing light of the Bally hotel's neon pillars, she could see that Blaise's eyes were wet. She was frightened for Thea-and angry at being frightened. Thea grabbed her cousin's hand. â€Å"Then you have to listen to me.† It was a naked plea. â€Å"Blaise-when I first met Eric, something happened. I can't explain it-I can't even really describe it. But there was a connection. And I know this is going to sound insane, and I know you're not going to like it, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She had to stop to breathe. â€Å"Blaise, what if you found your soulmate, and they were something that everybody said you shouldn't love†¦.† She stopped again, this time because Blaise had frozen. For a moment they both just sat, and then, very slowly, Blaise withdrew her hand from Thea's. â€Å"Found†¦ your†¦ soulmate?† she said. Warmth pooled in Thea's eyes. She had never felt so alone. â€Å"I think so,† she whispered. Blaise turned to face the windshield. Purple light shone on her black hair. â€Å"This is more serious than I thought.† The tears overflowed. â€Å"But will you help me?† Blaise tapped her slender fingers on the steering wheel a few times. Finally she said, â€Å"Of course I'll help you. I have to. We're like sisters-I would never abandon you when you're in trouble.† Thea was so relieved she felt dizzy. Paradoxically, it made her cry more. â€Å"I've just been so scared†¦. Ever since it happened, I've been trying to figure things out.† She hiccupped. Blaise was looking at her again, smiling, gray eyes glittering oddly. â€Å"Blaise?† â€Å"I'm going to help you,† Blaise said, still smiling, â€Å"by getting him myself. And then I'm going to kill him for putting my sister in danger.† There was a moment when everything inside Thea seemed absolutely still-and the next instant it all exploded into chaos. â€Å"Never,† she said. â€Å"Do you hear me, sister? Never.† Blaise stayed calm, driving. â€Å"I know you don't think it's best-now. But one day you'll thank me.† â€Å"Blaise, listen to me. If you do anything to him-if you hurt him-it's me you're hurting.† â€Å"You'll get over it.† In the rainbow light of the Riviera, Blaise looked like some ancient goddess of fate. â€Å"It's better to hurt a little now than to be executed later.† Thea was so angry she was shaking. So angry that she made a mistake. If she'd kept on arguing the same points, she thought later, Blaise might eventually have started to listen. But she was furious and terrified and she blurted out, â€Å"Well, I don't think you can do it. I don't think you could take him from me if you tried.† Blaise stared, as if caught for once at a loss for words. Then she threw back her head and laughed. â€Å"Thea,† she said. â€Å"I can take any boy from anybody. Any time, any place, any way I want to. That's what I do.† â€Å"Not this time. Eric loves me, and you can't change that. You can't take him.† Blaise was wearing a secret smile. But she said only two words as she turned off the strip and onto darkened streets again. â€Å"Watch me.† Thea didn't sleep well. She kept seeing Randy Marik's face, and when she dreamed, it turned into Eric's face, blood-streaked and vacant-eyed. She woke up to see sunshine streaming in the room. It was a bedroom with a split personality. One side was fairly neat and decorated in pale blues and spring greens. The other side was messy and was decorated in the color, the primal color, the one that roused emotions, that meant passion and hatred both. Red. And usually Blaise was lying on that side underneath her red velvet Ralph Lauren bedspread, but this morning she was gone already. A bad omen. Blaise only got up early for a reason. Thea got dressed and went downstairs warily. The shop was empty except for Tobias sitting gloomily in his usual place beside the cash register. He grunted when Thea said hello and went on staring at the wall, one hand clutching his curly brown hair. Wishing, undoubtedly, to be outside on the weekend like other nineteen-year-old guys. Thea went into the workshop. Blaise was sitting at the long table, wearing earphones and humming to herself. A project was spread in front of her. Thea stalked up close. She could see right away that it was beautiful. Blaise was a genius at creating jewelry, most of it based on ancient designs. She made necklaces of bees and butterflies, spiraling flowers, serpents, leaping dolphins. It was all alive, all joyous†¦ all magical. That was where the real genius came in. Blaise put each element of the piece together with a purpose in mind. The gems were chosen to enhance each other: ruby for desire, black opal for obsession, topaz for yearning, garnet for heat. And asteria, the smoke-gray form of sapphire with a six-pointed star. Blaise's stone, just the color of her eyes. Blaise had them all laid out loose. But her magic wasn't just in the gems. Interwoven into every piece were herb caches, tiny compartments that could be filled with potions or powders. She could literally drench the jewelry in sorcery. Even the design itself could be a spell. Every line, every curve, every flower stem could have a meaning, could make the eye follow a pattern that was as powerful as any symbol traced on the floor in chalk. Just looking at the piece could be enough to charm you. Right now Blaise was working on a necklace to knock you dead. Thea could see it taking shape. Blaise used the lost wax method of jewelry-making, which meant that she carved out her pieces in stiff blue wax before casting them in silver or copper or gold. What she was carving now was breathtaking. Heart-stopping. An intricate masterpiece that was going to have roughly the same effect as Aphrodite's magic girdle- which meant no male was going to be able to look at it without falling under the spell. And she had some of Eric's blood. The vital ingredient that meant she'd be able to personalize this spell for him. The one good thing was that it would take Blaise a few days to finish this piece. But once it was done†¦. Eric didn't have a chance in Hades. Thea backed up, not knowing-and not caring- whether Blaise had noticed her. She headed blindly for her bedroom. She and Eric were soulmates. But Blaise was, in some ways, Aphrodite herself. And who could resist that? What am I going to do? She had a little of Eric's blood herself on the corner of the tissue. But she could never outmatch Blaise in creating love spells. Blaise had years of experience and a natural talent that left everyone else in the dust. So I have to think of something else. Something to keep her from getting to him in the first place. To protect him†¦ Thea straightened up. I can't. It's too dangerous. The summoning spells aren't for maidens. Even the Inner Circle has to be careful with those. But Grandma has the materials. I know she does. I've seen the box. It may kill me even to try. An odd serenity came over her. If she concentrated on that-on the risk-she felt better than if she thought about what Gran would say if she found out. She wasn't afraid to face danger for Eric. And as long as she kept thinking about that, she could block out the thought that her idea was not only dangerous, but wrong. This time she went down the stairs almost as if she were sleepwalking. Calm and detached. â€Å"Toby, where's Gran?† He lifted his head a bare inch. â€Å"She went to see Thierry Descouedres, something about his land. Told me to come and pick her up tonight.† Thierry was a vampire and a Night Lord. He owned a lot of the land northeast of Las Vegas-but what did Gran have to do with that? It didn't matter. The important thing was that Gran wouldn't be back all day. â€Å"Well, then, why don't you go out and have some fun? I can watch the shop.† Tobias looked at her with dazed blue eyes-and then his round face lit up. â€Å"Seriously? You'd do that? I could kiss you. Let's see, I'll go visit Kishi†¦ no, maybe Zoe†¦ no, maybe Sheena†¦.† Like all boy witches, he was in tremendous demand with the girl witches in town. Still muttering, he checked his wallet, grabbed the car keys, and headed for the door as if Thea might change her mind any second. â€Å"I'll be back in time to pick her up, I promise,† he said hastily and was out the door. The instant he was gone, Thea turned the sign on the door to closed, locked up, and tiptoed to the counter. It was in the locked lower shelf, an iron chest that looked five hundred years old. Thea picked it up with an effort-it was heavy. With her teeth gritted and her eyes on the bead curtain that separated the store from Grandma's workshop, she staggered up the stairs. She made two other trips downstairs to gather materials. The bead curtain never stirred. Last, she went to Gran's bedroom. On a nail near the headboard was a heavy ring with dozens of keys. Thea took it. Back in her own bedroom she shut the door and stuffed a towel underneath so Blaise wouldn't smell the smoke. Okay, now let's get this thing open. She sat crosslegged on the floor in front of the chest. It wasn't hard to find the key that would fit the lock-she just looked for the oldest and crudest iron key on the ring. It fit perfectly and the chest opened. Inside was a bronze box, and inside that a silver box. And inside the silver box was an ancient book with yellowing, brittle pages, and a small green bottle with wax and ribbons securing its cork. There were also thirty or forty amulets. Thea picked one up and examined it. A lock of blond hair had been twisted and woven into a knot, and then sealed in that shape with a round piece of clay. The clay was dark earthy red, and Thea touched it reverently. It had been made with mud-and the blood of a witch. An entire Circle had probably worked on this for weeks: charging the blood, chanting, mixing it with secret ingredients, baking it in a ritual fire. I'm touching a witch, Thea thought. The very essence of somebody who's been dead hundreds of years. The cabalistic sign stamped on the front of the amulet was supposed to show who the witch was. But lots of the pieces of clay were so worn that Thea couldn't make out any trace of a symbol. Don't worry. Find a description of somebody in the book, and then match the amulet to them. She turned the fragile pages of the book carefully, trying to read the spidery, faded writing. Ix U Sihnal. Annie Butter, Markus Klingelsmith . .. no, they all sound too dangerous, hudo Cagliostro- maybe. But I don't really want an alchemist. Dm Ratih, Omiya Inoshishi†¦ wait a minute. Phoebe Garner. She scanned the page on Phoebe eagerly. A gentle girl from England who had lived before the Burning Times and had kept familiars. She'd died young of tuberculosis, but had been considered a blessing by everyone who'd known her-even humans, who appreciated her ability to deflect spells from her village. Human villagers had mourned at her grave. Perfect, Thea thought. Then, she began scrabbling through the amulets, looking for one with the same symbol impressed on the clay as the book showed by Phoebe's name. There it was! She cradled the amulet in ?her palm. Phoebe's hair had been auburn and very fine. Okay. Now get the balefire ready. It had to be made from oak and ash, the two kinds of wood that had been burned to bake the clay. Thea put the dry sticks in her grandmother's largest bronze bowl and lit them. Now add quassia chips, blessed thistle, mandrake root. Those were just for general power raising. The real magic was in the tiny bottle that had been carved out of a single piece of malachite. It was the summoning potion, and Thea had no idea at all what was in it. She dug at the wax with her fingernails until the cork twisted freely. Then she paused, her hands shaking with every beat of her pulse. Up until now, she'd only examined things she shouldn't: bad but forgivable. New she was going to kindle a forbidden fire†¦ and that wasn ‘t forgivable. If the elders discovered what she'd done†¦ She pulled the cork out.

Nick Hornby: a Long Way Down

His first book Fever Pitch was released in 1992. It’s an autobiographical story about his fanatical support for Arsenal Football Club. High Fidelity — his second book and first novel — was published in 1995. The novel was adapted into a film in 2000 and a Broadway musical in 2006. For his second novel About a Boy (1998) Hornby received the E. M. Forster Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Hugh Grant and Nicholas Hoult starred in the 2002 film version. A Long Way Down was published in 2005 in the UK. The book received mixed reviews from critics. Johnny Depp bought the rights to the book before it was even published and has since hired writer D. V. DeVincentis, who previously wrote the script for the film High Fidelity, to write the screenplay. The story takes place in London sometime these days. Martin Sharp – Martin Sharp is a former celebrity. We don't know his exact age but he is in his 40-s. Martin's life was perfect: he had a wife and two little daughters, a well-paid job and was successful. He was host of a famous show but Martin made the mistake of sleeping with a 15 years old girl, for which he spent three months in prison. This made him even more popular as his case was stripped in the yellow press. When he is released from prison he discovers that his marriage is ruined. From that point he works for a cable TV channel with low popularity and has an affair with Penny, his former colleague. He does not make an effort to see his daughters or to clarify the tense situation with his wife. He's very unhappy about his situation and feels that he has â€Å"pissed his life away† and that's why he wants to end his life. Maureen – Maureen is a 51-year-old single mother of a disabled son named Matty. Her whole life is turning around Matty. She believes that it is her cross she must bear for her mistake (Matty was born out of wedlock). She has led a completely closed-in life for two decades raising him. Before she got Matty she was employed and outgoing. This has changed because she has to care for Matty the whole day. She has no freedom and free time except the services at church she attends every Sunday. She wants to get rid of her problems, which seems impossible to her. That is why she wants to commit suicide. Jess Crichton – Jess is an eighteen-year-old girl. She does not have real friends. Jess is a person who pisses people off very quickly with her direct and rude character because she says everything that comes to her mind. Jess's father is a local politician and the family is completed by her mother. Her sister Jen, who is really important to her, left the family a few years ago and is thought to have committed suicide. The whole family, especially the mother and Jess, are still very upset about it. She wants to commit suicide by jumping from the tower block because of her family problems and losing her ex-boyfriend though it's also slightly impulsive. JJ – JJ is an American who came to London with his girlfriend Lizzy. He used to play in a band called â€Å"Big Yellow† and toured across the whole UK. For Lizzy he gave up his dream of becoming a rock star, the band broke up and Lizzy dumped him. Now he earns money by delivering pizza, a fact that he is really unhappy with. He compares his own ambition for suicide with the ambitions of well-known musicians These four strangers happen to meet on the roof of a high building called Topper's House in London on New Year's Eve, each with the intent of committing suicide. Their plans for death in solitude, however, are ruined when they meet. After telling their individual stories to the others, they decide to hold off on jumping and to protect themselves. Thus a group of four unfortunate and very individual people forms. Jess' condition not to jump is that they help her to find her ex-boyfriend Chas. So they take a taxi and drive to the party they suppose Chas to be at. After finding and talking to Chas they decide to go to Martin's place where they find Penny, who has obviously been crying. After this event the press begins to chase them. The newspapers claim that Martin has slept with Jess and that they concluded a suicidal-pact. Jess suggests that they can try to profit from the suicidal-report in the newspaper. Jess tells a reporter that they saw an angel that looked like Matt Damon, who saved them from jumping. Because of this silly lie their lives get worse. They go on vacation together and then plan next meeting for Saint Valentine's Day. They meet at 8 o'clock on the roof of Topper's House on Saint Valentine's Day. While they have a conversation, they detect a young man who is planning to jump from the roof. They try to stop him from committing suicide but he jumps. They are really taken aback. They decide to go home and to meet the following afternoon. Martin tells them about a newspaper article he read according to which people who want to commit suicide need 90 days to overcome their ambition. So they decide to wait with their decision until the 31st of March. A lot of event happens during these three months. Things improve a bit. Maureen, JJ and Martin have new jobs now. Martin teaches pupils and wants to start a new life, JJ is a busker and is happy to make music again and Maureen works in a newspaper-store. Jess’s relationships with her family come to normal. The ninety days have passed and they meet in front of the Topper's House again. They decide to go on the roof. On top, while watching the London Eye they realize that their lives are not so bad. They decide to wait with killing themselves for another six months. The book is divided into 3 big parts. And every big part consists of many small ones, each is written in the first-person narration from the points of view of each character. The language differs significantly from one character to another. Jess and JJ use a lot of slang, rude words. It’s interesting to compare British and American languages, thus JJ is an American. Though this is a book about four suicidal people, it is written in rather humorous and witty way. There are a number of laugh-out-loud passages, but also moments of real heartbreak (scenes with Maureen and her son, the suicide of a young man) Ideas Jess, Martin, and Maureen can be seen to represent Freud’s concepts of the Id, Ego, and Superego. The person’s change and development, overcoming difficulties and love for life are the main ideas of the book. Though the changes in the characters appear slight, Hornby shows that such changes are often the ones that lead to real progress in the right direction

Religious Pluralism Essay Example

Religious Pluralism Essay Example Religious Pluralism Essay Religious Pluralism Essay Essay Topic: Religion A major feature of religious geography is no single religion dominates the world. Authorities from many faiths have historically said theirs is the best way and only way but in reality new religions and new versions of older religions continue to spring up and then divide, subdivide, and provoke reform movements. Christianity claims the most members of any global religion, but Christianity is not a monolithic faith. There are thousands of forms of Christianity being professed. The migration, missionary activities and refugee movements, religions have shifted out of away from their country of origin. It is no longer easy to show a world map and say this country is assigned to a particular religion. In Russia there are not only Russian Orthodox Christians but also they have Muslims, Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, shamanists and members of new religions. In the United States there are now a sizeable amount of Russian Orthodox congregations. Buddhism arose in India but is now most pervasive in East Asia and popular in France, England, and the United States. Islam arose in what is now Saudi Arabia, but there are more Muslims in Indonesia than in any other country. There are also large Muslims populations in Central Asia and growing Muslim population in the United States. As religions spread geographically, one common response has been the attempt to deny the validity of other religions. In many countries there is tension between the religion that has been most closely linked with national history and identity and other religions that are practiced or have been introduced into the country. Protestant congregations are rushing to offer Bibles to the religious to citizens of formerly atheistic communist countries, with the idea of introducing Christianity to the people. Orthodox Christianity established in Russia more than thousand years ago managed to continue to exist despite communist rule, sometimes by collaboration with the oppressive authorities and sometimes by devotion in the midst of hardship, even though the Church structures were limited and controlled by the State. In some previously communist countries, old animosities between people of different ethnic backgrounds resurfaced with great violence once totalitarian regimes toppled. These intense ethnic and political struggles often put people of different faiths against each other, as in former Yugoslavia. Where the once was a seemingly peaceful society, horrifying atrocities arose among largely Orthodox Christian Serbs, Roman Catholic Croats and the Muslims living mainly in Bosnia and Hercegovina . The twentieth-century rush for materialism and secular values also fanned an increase in fundamentalism. Reactionaries do not want their values and life patterns to be spoiled by contemporary secular culture, which they thought to be crude and sacrilegious. They may try to withdraw socially from secular society even while surrounded by it. Or they may actively try to change the culture, using political power to shape social laws or lobbying for banning of textbooks that they feel do not include their religious point of view. Fundamentalism may be based on religious motive but it has been known to be politicized and turned into something of violent means. The devastating attacks by terrorists on United States targets in 2001 brought instant polarization along religious and ethnic lines. Hundreds of hate crimes were committed in the United States against Muslims and foreign immigrants who were mistaken for Muslims and were suddenly seen as outsiders as some Americans responded with fear and rage. Interfaith Movement Boundaries between religions are hardening in many areas, there has been a rapid acceleration of interfaith dialogue. Its the willingness of people of all religions to meet, explore their differences, and appreciate and find enrichment in each others ways to the divine. This has historically has been a difficult approach but many religions have made exclusive claims to being the best or only way. Religions are quite different in their external practices and culturally influenced behaviors. There are doctrine differences on basic issues, such as the cause of and remedy of evil and suffering in the world, or the question of whether the divine is singular, plural or nontheistic. Some religions claim to be superior which are difficult to reconcile with other religions claims. For instance the Quran acknowledges the validity of earlier prophets as messengers from God, refers to Prophet Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets (Sura 33:40). This description has been interpreted to mean that prophecy was completed with the Prophet Muhammad. If he is believed to be the last prophet, no spiritual figures after he passed away in c. 632-including the Sikh Gurus and Bahaullah of the Bahais- could be considered prophets, though they might be viewed as teachers. Christians read in John 14:6 that Jesus said, I am the way, the truth, the life; no on comes to the Father but by me. Some Christian scholars believe that this is inappropriate to take this line out of its context and to interpret this to mean that they ways of Hindus and Buddhists are invalid. Relationships with other faiths were not the question being answered. Many people of broad vision have noted that this same principle exists in all other traditions. Every religion teaches importance of setting ones own selfish interest aside, loving others, harkening to the divine, and exercising control over the mind. Responses to Other Faiths There are several ways in which people of other faiths may relate to each other. Diana Eck, a Professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies at Harvard Divinity School and the Chair of the World Council of Churches committee on interfaith dialogue, observes that there are three responses to contact between religions. One is Exclusivism: Ours is the only true way. Eck and others have noted that this point of view has some value, for deep personal commitment to ones faith is a foundation of religious life and also the first essential step in interfaith dialogue. Eck sees the second response to interfaith contact as inclusivism. This may take the form of trying to create a single world religion, such as Bahai. It may appear as the belief that our religion is spacious enough to encompass all the others, that it is supercedes before all previous religions, as Islam said it was the culmination of all monotheistic traditions. The inclusivists do not see other ways as a threat and they fell all diversity is included in a single world view-their own. The third way is Eck discerns pluralism: to hold ones own faith and at the same time ask people of other faiths about their path, about how they want to be understood. The way Eck explains this is that the only point from which true dialogue can take place. It is a place which cooperation, true relationship can happen. Uniformity and agreement are not the goal but the goal is to collaborate, to combine our differing strengths for the common good. To make pluralistic dialogue more effective people must have openness to the possibility of discovering sacred truth in other religions. Interfaith Initiatives People of all faiths have started coming together to put their hearts together. Ecumenical conferences involved pairs of related religions that were trying to agree to disagree, such as Judaism and Christianity. Now larger numbers of interfaith organizations and interfaith meetings draw people from all religions in a spirit of mutual appreciation. In 1986 The Pope John Paul II invited one hundred and sixty representatives of all religions to Assisi in honor of the humble St. Francis, to pray together for world peace. In 1990 a great assembly of spiritual leaders of all faiths with scientists and parliamentarians took place in what until a few years ago would have been the most unlikely place in the world for such a gathering-Moscow, capital of the previous atheist Soviet Union. The final speaker at that event was Mikhail Gorbachev, who called for a merging of scientific and spiritual values in the effort to save the planet. There has been meetings of special interfaith throughout 1993 that were held around the world to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions in Chicago.

Engstrom Case Essays

Engstrom Case Essays Engstrom Case Paper Engstrom Case Paper Issue The main issue with the Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant was how to improve quality and performance of its assembly line workers. The plant manager determined the best way to do this was to implement the Scanlon plan, which focuses on employee participation to identify ways to increase productivity. When the plan was proposed, it was widely accepted by employees (81% voted for it. ) In the beginning, employees had many suggestions to improve productivity (305) and management accepted almost all of them (276) despite the fact that only a few had a meaningful impact on productivity. Employeesloved that communication between themselves and managers was so strong, as evidenced from the statements from Jim Lutz and Dori Andrews. Eventually, the employees became less satisfied with the way the Scanlon plan was working. At the same time, an industry downturn was leading to decreased sales, which began to really affect the bonuses paid out to employees. Things deteriorated so much that the plant manager was forced to lay off 46 employees and no bonuses had been paid in seven months. Management now needs to adjust the variables in the Scanlon plan in order to get employees motivation and performance to a similar level from when it was first implemented. Analysis There are a variety of reasons the Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant finds itself in this current predicament. 1. Failure to continuously adjust the Scanlon plan over time to maintain employee motivation 2. Failure to respond to employee complaints in a timely fashion 3. An industrial recession which has resulted in decreased motivation and lower sales 4. Inability to pay out monthly bonuses 5. Layoffs made employees question job security and lead to further dissatisfaction. I think the current problem started because management was content to let the Scanlon plan go along with making any adjustments other than changing the payroll-to-sales ratio (which marked the line where bonuses start. ) Management should have recognized that the number of employee suggestions were steadily decreasing, from 305 in the first year the plan was implemented all the way down to 50 in he current year. This is a sign that the employees felt their suggestions were not being taken seriously, so they stopped making them. One thing that did catch the manager’s attention was the worker’s complaints. The two most common complaints had to do with the employees not trusting how their bonuses were calculated and employees questioning the fairness of the bonus structure. Management did a poor job explaining to the employees how their bonuses were calculated and which factors contributed most significantly with higher bonuses. Also, making bonuses based on the payroll to sales ratio limits the employees control over the possible bonuses. If employees are perfect, but due to management, sales (and therefore bonuses) decrease, employees begin to question how much their increased productivity is having on their bonuses. Management should also explain why certain jobs receive certain bonuses to quell the fairness dispute between assembly line workers and supervisors. The failure to recognize and alleviate these internal factors was compounded by the downturn in the industry that deeply affected the company. This downtown lead to decreased sales, which in turn lead to a lower payroll-to-sales ratio, effectively eliminated bonuses paid out to employees. Now the employees have no way to recognize the relationship between their productivity and sales, because they can be as productive as possible, but they have no way to personally increase sales. So as their motivation decreases and their dissatisfaction increases, it is inevitable that a decrease in productivity will follow. These feeling were only expounded when the company laid-off 46 employees. Not only did employees fail to see how their productivity had any affect on the business, they now had to worry about job security. Conclusion The Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant has to remedy their current situation by adjusting the Scanlon plan to fit their current economic situation. Management needs to reopen the lines of communication between themselves and their employees. This will allow the employees to thoroughly express their concerns and will allow management and the employees to be on the same page once again. Nothing can be done over the downturn in the industry, but by adjusting the Scanlon plan, they can maximize their potential in the current environment. The company may not be able to afford to pay out large bonuses at the moment, but it should lay out a long-term plan to show employees how the company will get back on track and resume paying bonuses. This plan should be much more flexible than the current plan, so when an unfavorable variable affects the company In the future, the employees will not be as affected as much as they were this time around. These new plans should be a stepping stone towards increased quality and productivity of the employees.

Rollo the Walker - Scandinavian Founder of Normandy

Rollo the Walker - Scandinavian Founder of Normandy Rollo of Normandy was also known as Rolf, Hrolf or Rou; in French, Rollon. He was sometimes called Robert and was also known as Rollo the Viking.  It was said Rollo was too tall to ride a horse without his feet reaching the ground, and it was for this reason he was known as Rollo the Walker or Rollo the Gangler or Ganger.   What Was Rollo of Normandy Known for? Founding the duchy of Normandy in France. Although Rollo is sometimes called the first Duke of Normandy, this is somewhat misleading; he never held the title of duke during his lifetime. Occupations RulerMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence FranceScandinavia Important Dates Born: c.  860Died:  c. 932 About Rollo of Normandy Leaving Norway to embark on pirating expeditions and raid England, Scotland, and Flanders, Rollo headed into France around 911 and settled along the Seine, besieging Paris. Charles III (the Simple) of France was able to hold Rollo off for a while, but he eventually negotiated a treaty to stop him. The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte gave Rollo part of Nuestria in return for his agreement that he and his fellow Vikings would stop pillaging any further in France. It is believed that he and his men may have converted to Christianity, and it is recorded that he was baptized in 912; however, the available sources conflict and one states that Rollo died a pagan. Because the region was settled by Northmen or Normans, the territory took on the name Normandy, and Rouen became its capital. Before Rollo died he turned over the governance of the duchy to his son, William I (Longsword). A rather questionable biography of Rollo and other dukes of Normandy was written in the eleventh century by Dudo of St. Quentin. Three Sources on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912includes information on Rollo from the Chronicle of St. Denis; at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook.

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology - Essay Example An organic compound with C10H8 formula, Naphthalene is the basic form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It as a prominent smell which can be detected at 0.8ppm by mass concentrations or even lower and it is a white crystalline solid. Its structure is made up of the complex pair of rings made by benzene. It is known as the basic ingredient for many conventional mothballs. Short-term exposure to Naphthalene causes fever, vomiting, irritation, and diarrhea. People breathe Naphthalene while working on the jobs. The permitted exposure limit of Naphthalene for General Industry is 10 ppm, or 50 mg /m3 TWA. The OSHA permitted Maritime exposure limit to 10ppm, 50 mg /m3. People also breathe this compound when there is chemical clean up as sites or people who take shower or do laundry with unhygienic water or use mothballs in the surrounding area of their house.People are also exposed to Naphthalene when they use unhygienic water for preparing their food or drinking. This hazardous chemical can get into the skin of an individual as well when they handle the chemical while working with it or playing in soil; also touching unhygienic water for bathing and laundry also enhances the chance of getting Naphthalene. Naphthalene is used to make many products and both consumers and workers are exposed to it at some part of the process which poses latent dangers for them. Employees should learn how to take care of themselves and take safety measures to mitigate the exposure they have with gas or liquid.

Negative or Bad News Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative or Bad News - Assignment Example At this point of time, we cannot hand over speakership to Ms Rivera because her technology is different from what we want to highlight in this session of Annual Conference. So we can say that specifically we have to refuse Ms Rivera about her request. It might be possible that Ms Rivera will think that we do not value our working relationships. She may also feel that her sacrifices for our company had no worth at all. She will feel down and negative about the company because she is very much willing to promote her latest technology in the High Tech Annual Conference. It can be expected that Ms Rivera will not be on the same good terms after this refusal just because we are not agree to give her company the speakership of the Annual Conference. In our case, the primary audience is Maribel Rivera, the owner of another manufacturing company who is supporting our company and this Annual Conference from last 8 years. She is always there for handling any problem. She even took the responsibility of a presentation at the last moment when one of our presenters refused to take part in the conference in the last years’ conference. It may be possible that this message will put a negative effect on our good and sound relationships. In addition to it, it is also possible that she will not attend our Annual Conference for the appreciation of technology. In order to minimize the negative impact of the message, it is quite necessary to communicate the actual reason of refusal of request in a sugarcoated manner, so that the working partner may not feel bad for it. We need to inform them about the main idea of the High Tceh Annual Conference of this year i.e. we are focusing on the Robotics and Technological interventions in medical fields. Another highlight should be the purpose of grabbing the national and international media attention. We can also tell her that if she would participate in the conference then it is quite possible that her technology is

K Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Comprehensive Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehensive Discussions - Essay Example Every year the US Supreme Court takes up 100 to 150 cases for argument. Four justices must give their consent for hearing the case. The US Supreme Court is primarily an appellate court having jurisdiction over ambassadors as well as two or more states (Understanding Federal and State Courts). The Supreme Court has a chief justice as well as associate justices whose numbers are fixed by the American congress. The present number of associate justices is presently eight. The president of the US has the power to nominate the justices and their appointments are sanctioned according to the advices and consent of the senate. Article III, Â §1, of the Constitution further provides that the Judges of both Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and Shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Article III, Â §1 of the constitution provides that the legal power of the United states shall be vested in only one supreme court as well as in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time proclaim and institutes. Article. III, Â §2 states that the legal power shall be extended to all cases under the constitution to the US supreme court. It includes cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdictions, cases between two or more states, cases involving state and citizens of another state and of the same state, foreign states etc. In cases involving ambassadors and other public ministers, consuls, states, the US Supreme Court has the ultimate jurisdiction. In other cases the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction. The appellate jurisdiction has been given to the US Supreme Court by various statutes in the constitution. The basic statute which defines the judicial power is found in 28 U. S. C. Â §1251 et seq. The US c ongress from time to time gives powers to the US supreme court to prescribe

Principles of Marketing CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Marketing CA - Essay Example (10%)   Using the five stage model of the Purchase Decision Process in the model of consumer buying behavior described in Module 1, describe in detail the process you went through in making each purchase. Bear in mind that the purpose of the assignment is to demonstrate the depth of your understanding of the teaching materials. (20%)   Second Page   Identify and discuss the differences between the ways you went through the purchase decision processes for the two products. (20%)   Third and Fourth Pages   Assume now that you are marketing brands in two of the product categories listed above. Applying only the teaching materials, specifically the presentation "Uses of a Model of Buying Behavior", explain how you might use your understanding of the Model of Consumer Buying Behavior in marketing the two products. (Note that you are asked to APPLY the teaching materials, and thus simply listing what marketers can do in general is not sufficient. You should think about what is ex plained in the teaching materials and then apply that learning to two of the product categories listed above). ... The operating system was a high involvement purchase since it was very expensive yet there was the risk of it not being compatible with the computer programs that I intended to use. However, I was convinced by the vendor that it would work. Moreover, the operating system was significant and pertinent to my work. I also did not have much time since the deadline for project submission was fast approaching. The Domino’s pizza was a low involvement purchase since there was no risk involved, neither was it expensive. Moreover, I could have skipped it until supper time back home. Purchase Decision Process I recognized the need to have the computer software and decided to engage in information search regarding various brands and vendors. I checked online advertisements for different operating systems and found descriptions that matched my need. I found out that there were different operating systems such as windows XP, windows 7, and Linux which I could also apply to satisfy my needs . Both windows XP and the more recent windows 7 are products of Microsoft Corporation, which is a recognized company with strong brand equity. I was familiar with windows XP than the rest, hence I settled on the decision to buy it. After installation in my computer, the software worked well and I am satisfied with it. The Domino’s pizza I had at the restaurant did not involve all these steps in purchase decision making. Rather, I felt hungry and saw the restaurant. I entered, looked at the menu and found that the price of pizza was affordable and reasonable to me. I ordered, tasted it and felt that it was well cooked. I ate it, paid and left with the thought of passing by the restaurant for another pizza in future. Differences in the Purchase Decision Processes In

Doing business in Europe (German) 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Doing business in Europe (German) 2 - Essay Example logical changes, and even environmental changes generate ever new problems and challenges which companies must face in order to continue to operate successfully. For instance, changes in the enforcement and interpretation of tax laws in Europe have had an impact on the operations and viability of such companies in the European continent. The problems are tied to the way Europe for instance is pushing for higher tax collections from HP and other American firms, and that these problems in turn affect the profitability and the viability of companies such as HP (Duncan, 2012). Does HP enter at all, and what kind of entry strategy makes sense in light of this problem? When it has entered, does it pull out and miss out on the large and lucrative European market for computing products and services, or does it adapt and shift strategies in order to properly deal with the problem of more persistent and higher tax collection efforts on the part of the European governments? This is one case amo ng many others that this paper discusses, presenting the problems faced by companies such as Siemens, BMW, Airbus, and Mercedes Benz, and also presenting the ways in which these companies solved these problems, using a variety of approaches specific to their circumstances and the problems that they faced, with a focus on the German market (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2013). In the case of HP and other American companies operating in Europe, the problem has to do with the way European governments have been pushing to collect more taxes from those companies, who in turn have been trying to move the other way via a global practice that sees those firms trying to avoid paying taxes by financial accounting maneuvering so that profits are reported in so-called tax haven territories. This is tied to the problem of HP being able to enter and operate successfully in the continent, and in what manner. In the end the solution seems to be to financially retain the identity of HP as an entity

Principles of Marketing CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Marketing CA - Essay Example (10%)   Using the five stage model of the Purchase Decision Process in the model of consumer buying behavior described in Module 1, describe in detail the process you went through in making each purchase. Bear in mind that the purpose of the assignment is to demonstrate the depth of your understanding of the teaching materials. (20%)   Second Page   Identify and discuss the differences between the ways you went through the purchase decision processes for the two products. (20%)   Third and Fourth Pages   Assume now that you are marketing brands in two of the product categories listed above. Applying only the teaching materials, specifically the presentation "Uses of a Model of Buying Behavior", explain how you might use your understanding of the Model of Consumer Buying Behavior in marketing the two products. (Note that you are asked to APPLY the teaching materials, and thus simply listing what marketers can do in general is not sufficient. You should think about what is ex plained in the teaching materials and then apply that learning to two of the product categories listed above). ... The operating system was a high involvement purchase since it was very expensive yet there was the risk of it not being compatible with the computer programs that I intended to use. However, I was convinced by the vendor that it would work. Moreover, the operating system was significant and pertinent to my work. I also did not have much time since the deadline for project submission was fast approaching. The Domino’s pizza was a low involvement purchase since there was no risk involved, neither was it expensive. Moreover, I could have skipped it until supper time back home. Purchase Decision Process I recognized the need to have the computer software and decided to engage in information search regarding various brands and vendors. I checked online advertisements for different operating systems and found descriptions that matched my need. I found out that there were different operating systems such as windows XP, windows 7, and Linux which I could also apply to satisfy my needs . Both windows XP and the more recent windows 7 are products of Microsoft Corporation, which is a recognized company with strong brand equity. I was familiar with windows XP than the rest, hence I settled on the decision to buy it. After installation in my computer, the software worked well and I am satisfied with it. The Domino’s pizza I had at the restaurant did not involve all these steps in purchase decision making. Rather, I felt hungry and saw the restaurant. I entered, looked at the menu and found that the price of pizza was affordable and reasonable to me. I ordered, tasted it and felt that it was well cooked. I ate it, paid and left with the thought of passing by the restaurant for another pizza in future. Differences in the Purchase Decision Processes In

Gender Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Gender Stereotypes Essay Simply put, gender stereotypes are generalizations about the roles of each gender. Gender roles are generally neither positive nor negative; they are simply inaccurate generalizations of the male and female attributes. Since each person has individual desires, thoughts, and feelings, regardless of their gender, these stereotypes are incredibly simplistic and do not at all describe the attributes of every person of each gender. While most people realize that stereotypes are untrue, many still make assumptions based on gender. There are many stereotypes we may all be guilty of, such as assuming that all women want to marry and have children, or that all men love sports. The following is a list of some of the most common gender stereotypes as they pertain to either men or women. Remember that these are stereotypes because they claim to apply to all men or women. Female Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes begin the second a baby’s gender is found out. As soon as we find out it’s a girl, we immediately begin decorating a pink nursery filled with soft dà ©cor and butterflies and flowers. We assume that our daughter will be very girly and fill her closet with frilly dresses and her toy box with tea sets and dolls. What this is essentially doing, even though many parents don’t realize it, is setting our child up to be the perfect lady, and teaching her how to be the stereotypical woman. We are teaching her that girls are supposed to wear dresses, serve food, and take care of babies; the biggest and most common stereotype put on women. Have you ever watched a little girl playing house? Even as young as five or six, she is well aware that she is supposed to stay home with the baby while the husband goes to work, and she has dinner ready when he gets home. Here is another stereotype; women stay at home while men go to work. While there are a million gender stereotypes about females, these are definitely the biggest, and the most debated by feminists of today. Some other stereotypes include: Women are supposed to have clean jobs such as secretaries, teachers, and  librarians Women are nurses, not doctors Women are not as strong as men Women are supposed to make less money than men The best women are stay at home moms Women don’t need to go to college Women don’t play sports Women are not politicians Women are quieter than men and not meant to speak out Women are supposed to be submissive and do as they are told Women are supposed to cook and do housework Women are responsible for raising children Women do not have technical skills and are not good at hands on projects such as car repairs Women are meant to be the damsel in distress; never the hero Women are supposed to look pretty and be looked at Women love to sing and dance Women do not play video games Women are flirts Women are never in charge Male Gender Stereotypes Stereotyping is no different when it’s found out that a boy is on the way. The nursery is decked out in blue, his closet is filled with tiny jeans, polo shirts, and boots, and the theme is usually something like jungle animals or dinosaurs; something tough. Boys’ toys consist of trucks, dinosaurs, action figures, and video games. From the beginning boys are taught to be tough, to be protective, and to defend themselves. Boys are taught that daddy’s go to work and mommy’s stay at home; from their point of view, boys have fun and girls do all the work. Are you surprised to hear that most parents admit that they do not teach their sons how to do chores such as washing dishes or folding laundry? Instead, they teach them to take out the trash and mow the lawn; from the get-go boys are made to think that certain household chores are women’s work. This is a major stereotype, but the majority of American households  today would prove this to be true. Men are supposed to do the dirty jobs and anything that requires muscle, they are also supposed to go to work and provide for the family. Little boys see this and the stereotype continues. Other gender stereotypes that inaccurately try to describe all men are: All men enjoy working on cars Men are not nurses, they are doctors Men do dirty jobs such as construction and mechanics; they are not secretaries, teachers, or cosmetologists Men do not do housework and they are not responsible for taking care of children Men play video games Men play sports Men enjoy outdoor activities such as camping, fishing, and hiking Men are in charge; they are always at the top As husbands, men tell their wives what to do Men are lazy and/or messy Men are good at math It is always men who work in science, engineering, and other technical fields Men do not cook, sew, or do crafts Can you see how many of these actually are true of many men or women that you know? They may even be true for you personally, but they do not apply to every single man or woman alive. That is what makes them stereotypes; the fact that these things are considered, the norm and expected of every male or female. Each person is an individual and it is perfectly normal for a woman to run her own business while a man stays home with the kids. On the other hand it is also perfectly acceptable for a man to be a nurse or hate sports, or enjoy cooking. Men and women are individuals; they are more than just male or female. Our gender is only part of who we are; it does not define us as people.

Does The Symbolic Interactionism Explain Anything Sociology Essay

Does The Symbolic Interactionism Explain Anything Sociology Essay Symbolic interactionism is a major theoretical perspective in sociology regarding intrasocial human behaviour. While Hurbert Blumer coined the term in 1937, its conception traces back to the nineteenth century; notably, in the American philosopher and sociologist George Mead [from The Chicago School] through to the pioneering Erving Goffman (Farganis, 2008). Although never formally categorized as a symbolic interactionist, Goffman hugely shaped the perspective as one of its main practitioners (Marshall, 1998). Symbolic interactionism primarily concerns small-scale human interactions, from Meads inception to Goffmans subsequent transformations. The principal issue is whether the system explains human phenomena from an individual scale of human psychology to the broad, macroscopic scale of societies and its questionable success in doing so, or indeed in explaining other phenomena. Fundamentally, the concept of symbolic interactionism is bipartite: interaction and symbolic (Carter, 2011). The former is the interaction between individual people and these relationships operative mechanisms. The latter refers to both the generation and interpretation of peoples social signals; from their facial expressions down to their choice of attire (2011). As a theory, the perspective examined the meanings and familiarities between human interaction at a micro-sociological level and in a very interpretative manner; the development of the self within the social realm (Mead, 1934). According to Mead, human experience could not be relegated to individual psychology alone, but analyzes experience from the standpoint of communication as essential to the social order (1934; 401). The ideas were antithetical to that of Descartes famous cogito ergo sum (1641), in which the self was seen as distinct and its existence was indubitably true independent from the body and Goffmans idea o f the social realm. Symbolic interactionism was thus an implicit reaction against a classical conception of man as individually responsible and essentially noble; the new sociology placed human beings in an inherently social context. Mead, and his continuation from Goffman, characterizes the self in two parts: the I and the Me (1934). The I was the response of an individual to the attitude of others, whilst the me was organized set of attitudes of others that the individual assumed (2001). Symbolic interactionism sought to explain how human beings and the self-understood interactions between one another and its negotiation of the world around them. In Salernos mind, Goffman perceived the individual as nothing more than a cog responsible for the maintenance of the social world by playing his or her part (2004, 184). Goffman is not discounting the importance of the individual; for him, society was the micro-level interactions between humans, and most importantly, could not exist witho ut them. Essentially Goffman characterises society as a macroscopic emergent property of microscopic interactions. This is literally true insofar as there is no independent soul or spirit to society except simply the aggregate of its members; nevertheless, this lack of large-scale theory exposes symbolic interactionism as fundamentally unambitious in explaining that elusive concept, society, as opposed to simply a large agglomeration of connected individuals. The question of symbolic interactionisms explanatory power remains unanswered. The next portion of this essay shall focus specifically on The Presentation of Everyday Life (1959); Asylum (1961); The Interaction Ritual (1967); Forms of Talk (1981) and will dissect Goffmans explanation of society. The idea of face work (1967) was crucial to understanding the complexities of symbolic interactionism in day-to-day cultural settings. It provided an in-depth description and a new insight into the presentation of self in everyday life (Carter; 2011). Goffman principally exploited the concept of dramaturgical metaphor, in which human actions are contextualized in time, place and audience (Goffman, 1967) and used a theatrical metaphor to extend this theory, emphasizing the view that interaction between people was a literal performance, moulded by the audience and surroundings. For Goffman, day-to-day life was impression management (1967). Harking back to Goffmans earlier work, the existence of these performances did not wane with ill mental health on the contrary illustrated in Asylum (1961). Everyday social life was a game, involving strategic interactions and moves. Robert Carters example of a teacher/pupil relationship in the classroom illustrates that Goffmans symbolic interacti onism provides detailed insight into everyday life and explains the meanings behind even mundane scenarios: the teacher uses the strategic interaction of walking around, looking at (the pupils) because otherwise I dont know whether the pupils are concentrating (2011). The significant social interactivity of teaching as opposed to manual labour, say strengthens this example. However, teachings relatively strict formality and explicit hierarchy is a particularly codified example of social interaction, unlike informal socializing and its unspoken rules; indeed, the symbols, whether they be the school bell or the teachers register, have very clearly prescribed roles, and consequently symbolic interactionisms claim that individuals prescribe meaning to their worlds objects loses its profundity of individual semiotic creation when that meaning is given, even forced, on them. For Goffman, all social interactions revolved around the concept of a front and back region (1959). Continuing the theatrical metaphor, he posited a divergence of the front self from the back self. The front acts as a vehicle for self-promotion and to define the situation for those who observe (1959; 22), in the same vein as an actor builds a facsimile of another persons social role. The back region is effectually where ones identity can reveal all the hidden and private traits, unavailable to view by society (2008; 372). The game of life, a process whereby the self was at odds with their audience reciprocally giving off false evidence and trying to uncover the truth (1969) reflects an a common psycho-social dichotomy of inner and outer worlds, but Goffman fails to adequately explain the dialogue between the two. He explores the game by expanding its breath by introducing teams (1959) extending his work to group dynamics; individuals bonded by reciprocal dependency and accomplishme nts rely firmly on cooperation and the maintenance of a group appearance (1959; 79); success lies unequivocally in unanimous action and demeanor; disagreements and digression are only seen in the back. Divisions between the team and its viewers was described as an audience segregation (1959; 137) allowing teams to manipulate their front to the demands of unique audiences. Thus, ideological altercations do not damage the team per se more importantly, they continue impression management, maintaining a constant collective face out of many competing individual interests. The front-back bifurcation, nonetheless, is highly dependent on situation. Using the example of real actors rather than metaphor, back-stage for the actor is still his front. Another example: A teacher who retires from his frontstage performance in class to the backstage of the teachers room, is, from another perspective, still frontstage, since he does not recount his blunders in class to his colleagues. From this perspective, indeed, the situation in class is backstage. (Anthrobase) Specifically, the audience dictates behavior; fellow colleagues, in the realm of back-stage turn into another audience against which to shield when personal embarrassment is mentioned. Indeed, were the metaphor consistently and somewhat cynically applied, human beings are always disguising true feeling, and thus it is impossible for an external observer to actually access the back-stage. Goffman purports that some public actions are distinct from audience segregation, while still performance: they are ritual. Ritual means playing oneself (1967; 32). For Robert Carter, ritual and game are not mutually exclusive to the individual psyche, often generating real tension: Life as a game implies that youve actually seen it as a game; and once you see something as a game, you can no longer perform it ritually because youve understood that it is a game. (2011) In essence, it makes the distinction between gives and give off signs game playing versus ritual, respectively. Overall, while he was not formally a symbolic-interactionist, Goffmans work clearly shows the hallmarks of casting social interaction as a subtle web of symbols, and inner and outer being. He provides some limited explanation for the importance of meaning to asking, what is social? Previous works by Weber, although considering meaning essential to the question, never formulated a cogent argument as to why it was so. On the other hand, Goffmans dramaturgical approach saw meaning as such i.e., the object of throught, arises in experience through the individual stimulating himself to take the attitude of the other in his reactions toward the object (Wallace and Wolf, 202). In this respect, his works have succeeded where Webers fell short. Admittedly, the criticisms of symbolic interactionism are relevant later on; to insinuate that Goffmans work explains nothing can be considered as cynics front[!] Nevertheless, despite its merits, Goffmans works on the self overlook its fundamental flaws in application. In The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, Goffman asserts the view that all individuals play the game, hiding true intentions within the guise of the front. If true, then humans are inherently Machiavellian beings posing behind dishonest masks, precluding the potential for altruism and solidarity. Goffman is implicitly denying the very social conditions of being human. His supporters counter with the view that characterising role-playing as immoral or dishonest is naÃÆ'Â ¯ve: What distinguishes the honest from dishonest performers, is not the need for rehearsals and performance, but rather: a) whether the performers are socially authorized to play the roles and b) the attitude of the performers toward their own roles (Meyrowitz in Riggins, 1990; 70) It is true that a performance does not infer dishonesty per se; however, the inability to distinguish an actors true honest from dishonest performance seems to nullify Goffmans response to this issue; admittedly, this is predicated on a particularly ends-driven pseudo-consequentialism, that only an individuals end actions matter, rather than his internal psychological processes producing those. Goffmans work in Asylum (1961) specifically on The Moral Career of the Mental Patient (1959) attempted to dissect the nature of marginalized individuals in society, isolated from general society. His study sought to uncover how the incarcerated and practitioners created meaning during their interactions and how their presentation and construction of self was formed. Like The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, the Asylum followed Goffmans game and ritual concepts, although the situational environments were significantly different: to start, asylums were total institutions (1961) in which people were cut off from wider society and restrictively subordinated under their handlers. Moreover, the struggle for identity in a closed and draconian total institution sees the mortification of self (Goffman; 1959). Incarcerating mental patients implied an unacceptably incompetent front, and the inability to observe standard properties on the outside (Giddens 1987; 130). It is thus cl ear that for asylums to function as reforming institutes, it had to threaten a whole complex of practices whereby actors are able to demonstrate both to others and to themselves their competence as agents [sic.] (1987; 129). For Goffman, mental patients went through three self-explanatory stages: prepatient, inpatient and ex-patient (1959). Robert Carter purports that asylums often entailed a surprising reciprocal relationship in vulnerability: as patients are stripped of rights and free will and relegated to enforced infantilism (Giddeos, 1987) and effectively lose their identity, so too do the asylum and psychiatrists, in imposing their own definition of what a patient is (2011), suffer a vulnerability. During his stay at the asylum, appropriately adopting a front as a pseudo-employee, Goffman sought to modify the populist theories surrounding mental institutions of curing illness. Goffman wanted to expose and understand the gap between the work that the staff do and what they sa y are trying to do (Weinstein, 1982; 268). In many ways, his studies provided key tools to the field of social care; according to Weinstein, his work has been cited in legal cases predicated on the care of mental patient, as well as applications in health policy (1982; 267). However, although Goffman intended to provide meaning for human interactions in the asylum as well as in everyday life his work was still criticised. Critics of symbolic interactionism often attack Goffmans micro-sociological approach as fundamentally flawed in prescribing a grand theory of society. The perspective is seen to be overly impressionistic (Hawaii; 1) in its research methodology as well as being wholly unsystematic to the point of chaos (Psathas 1980; 53) Its highly subjective and qualitative methods, and the interpretative nature of the dramaturgical approach, mean that its application is limited to small-scale interactions. Any macroscopic extension highlights the shortcomings of Goffmans work; his theorems are often limited to specific and present moments and entail relatively little developments of concepts which can used transsituationally (Psathas, 1980; 54). Effectively, it lacked cross-cultural analysis and universality (Comp, 3) and ergo could not adequately describe the massed hoi polloi. Moreover, given the limitations in Goffmans approach across regional boundaries, any historical comparative analysis was, and still is, impossible. However, Richard L. Lanigan states that Goffmans work in Forms of Talk do not necessarily relegate his holdings to that of solely micro-sociology. Goffmans work on a radio audience gives a holistic collective entity that at the very least is preconceived to be an aggregate displaying group typicalities in society (Riggins, 1990; 122). Nevertheless, Lanigans support of Goffman does not invalidate the point that Goffmans dramaturgical was inadequate for achieving a social science of social actions due to his lack of rigorous method and empirically interactional phenomena (Psathas, 1996; 11). However, Goffmans work in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life can stretch to macro-sociological readings. In Barnharts model, the contextualizing of Goffmans writings with other thinkers (opens) a beneficial link between micro- and macro structures of society becomes visible. (n/a ; 5). Linking Goffman to Durkheim, Barnharts critique suggests that his work has significance at both micro and m acro levels of society, namely in the concept of spontaneity. As Goffman sees its relevance to the aspect of a true and uncontrived performance of the spontaneous actor, Durkheim entertains the idea of the macro-sociological model of spontaneity (1984; 313). The concept linked both scopes of sociology and reaffirmed the notion of truth in contemporary social organizations (Barnhart, n/a; 5). It therefore rebutted the claim that Goffmans work lacks macroscopic application and cannot explain large-scale pheonomena. However, attempts by Goffman supporters eventually trail off. According to Giddens, Goffman managed a strict separation between his work and that of sociologists interested in the macro-structural properties of social systems; to compound, he resolutely refused to do so (Giddens 1987; 131). Criticism of Goffman does not end there: Riggins contends that Goffmans writing often descends into a stylistic merger of scholarly monograph with the novel or with journalistic accounts (1990; 65). Not only was Goffmans work as a macro-sociologist completely void, his critics went on to attack even his writings on micro-sociology stating that his works were descriptive rather than prescriptive. John Lofland suggesting that Goffman was more concerned with labeling, defining, and characterizing types of behaviors (sic), roles, events, and rules than with showing logical connection among the types (Riggins, 66). Works such as The Presentation of self in Everyday Life often espouse ideas that are somewhat innate to the workings of modern society; to suggest that some men conceal lust for underage girls or suppress their desire to release bodily fluids in a social setting is fundamentally intuitive. They seek to preserve their status in society but not openly admit to be a pedophile or c hurlish, respectively; they have made the trade-off in the psychological effort of self-control and the social benefits of not admitting such inadmissible desires. If Goffmans opponents seem overly zealous, even his advocates, such as Randall Collins, admit that he fails to push on through to full possession of the theoretical territories he has reconnoitered (1980; 206). His works descriptive nature leaves little room for explanatory theory; by failing to explain the true mechanisms of social interaction, he fails in evaluation and analysis. Goffmans symbolic interactionism and the dramaturgical approach are sociologically inadequate. Its micro-sociological approach limits itself to small intimate groups and lacks cross-cultural universality, and even in its own sphere is insufficient; while exploring previously uncharted scholarly realms, such as in asylums, Goffmans work tends to open up the surface of immediate relevance (Collins, 1980: 175) but presented countless observations and few integrated theories (Meyrowitz in Riggins, 1990; 65). Symbolic interactionism is useful in characterising meaning and superficial behaviour, but fails to rigorously justify itself in phenomenologically-grounded investigations, relegating itself to being thoroughly interesting rather than thoroughly theoretical (Riggins; 1990, 65). Goffman failed to construct an overarching paradigm for human beings and their civilization, instead content with a mass of disjointed bits; thus he remains more a footnote of description than a titan of theor y.