The Psychology of Personal Adjustment and Social Adjustment Essay Example for Free

The Psychology of Personal Adjustment and Social Adjustment EssayPrior to presenting my life script, I would like to head the liberty of introducing myself. I am a 23-yearold lady, hailing from Boston, Massachusetts. My father is a medical doctor and my mother, a pharmacist. They train been divorced for much than three years forthwith but they both live in Tokyo, Japan. I have two younger brothers superstar goes to medical drill in Japan and the other goes to embarkment school in England. My childhood is something I hold close to my heart, for it was in galore(postnominal) ways interesting. I have lived abroad for most of my life. As I have stated, my father, a medical doctor, worked for the join Nation.This job demanded frequent cash in ones chips and consequently my family was constantly moving around the world to places like France, Switzerland, Korea, Russia and Japan. To address the travel issues, I took an entrance test for a girls boarding school when I was three -years-old since it would allow me go to its sisters school later on in my senior years. At that age, I also started taking classical ballet classes. As I continued my journey through life from childhood to adolescence, ballet remained an integral diorama of my life with respect to my development.I placed all my time, concentration and energy into ballet, though I will delve into the details elsew present in this script. At the age of sixteen, I left ballet school for personal reasons and decided to pursue a c areer turn outside ballet. Without further ado, I allow me to go into my life script. Quoting an excerpt from our class text, Our life script, including the messages from both our family of origin and our culture, forms the core of our personal identity. I could non agree more. Since I have lived abroad in various countries outside my home, I have always contended myself, Who am I?, What am I? and What defines me? Each of these questions explores a different aspect of my social identity. When I was an elementary school student in Switzerland, I was like an energetic, studious student. During lectures, it never embarrassed me to ask questions at all so I was asking constantly presenting queries whenever I encountered difficult problems. Even though I was only seven or eight years old, I knew I needed to master the material in order to excel in my exams. In my case, this ties in with Eriksons stage four Industry versus Inferiority.I get praise for my work from both my peers and my teachers and it encouraged me to undertake and complete more challenging tasks. I particularly wanted to gain recognition for my innovation. In general, childrens efforts to master school work befriend them to grow and form a positive self-concept a sense of who they are. Once I moved to Asia, many changes took place, most of them negative. In Korea, it is considered rude for a student to ask questions during class because it is thought to interrupt the lesson. Compa re this with Swiss classrooms, in which children are encouraged to ask questions.It is all about culture so that moving to a school abroad meant adjusting a new culture. However, since I was used to the classroom culture of the United Sates and Europe, I found this new environment rather uncomfortable at first. Older children may find it harder to adapt, both to a new culture and to a new language, but since I was only ten years old, I settled in quickly. Once I get used to the Korean culture, not only did I start to feel embarrassed asking questions in class but I also began to feel a bit out of place, knowing that I was different. The feeling got worse after I moved to Japan.Even though have lived abroad for most of my life, I consider myself Japanese through and through, since my parents taught me a lot about Japanese culture, morals, injunctions and many other aspects. I remember once when, my teacher asked me the meaning of a famous Japanese proverb which threw me off completel y. She told me, This question is in fact quite easy and kind of common sense. However, even if you are not able to answer, it is understandable you are from a different culture. My face burned with shame. At that moment, trial to answer that simple question make me feel like I was a failure at e genuinelything.My sense of industry, nurtured at home was shattered here by an insensitive teacher. Since then, I have developed a degree of glossophobia, the fear of utter in public or of trying to speak. This is another instance of Eriksons Stage four Industry versus Inferiority. The image of the classical ballerina is traditionally that of classical ballet itself graceful, poise, sophisticated and very European. I had been taking classical ballet for more than thirteen years and my mind was too consumed with ballet to think of any other purpose in life.I took part in Prix de Lausanne ballet competition in Switzerland, and won a prize as well as a scholarship to ballet school. I decid ed to attend Paris Opera Ballet School in France when I was 14 years old. I have always admired the long limbs of European dancers, gracefully moving to rhythmic music. Dancing, particularly ballet teaches young people to be highly self-critical. Dancers, from a very early age, are continually corrected by their teachers and are trained to focus on self-reflection as a convey of observing and correcting ones mistakes, over and above completeing technique.From my experiences, I observed that ballet puts dancers under considerable pressure to be thin and attain the perfect figure. I recall one instance when my ballet teacher criticized my appearance in front of others. As I see it, relentless attack usually forms grounds for denial. As we learned in our class, in psychology, denial is a concept originating from the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud. The initial denial protects that person from the emotional shock. According to the reference, Denial is one of many defense mech anisms. It entails ignoring or refusing to believe an unpleasant reality.Defense mechanisms protect ones psychological wellbeing in traumatic situations, or in any situation that produces anxiety or conflict. However, they do not resolve the anxiety-producing situation and, if overused, can lead to psychological disorders. The assumption I unearth here is that denial affects ones internal thoughts and feelings. In my case, I was taught that middling weights are unacceptable in any situation in the ballet world. At that point in time, I was controlling my weight, keeping it at around 85 pounds. I was already thin but I was motionlessness asked to thin out down.Therefore I practiced for hours on end on a daily basis, pushing myself to my physical and psychological limit to achieve captain success. Essentially, I stopped eating and my weight plummeted from 85 to 70 pounds. I ended up developing an eating disorder, but outwardly I received continual praise. Nobody knew I was starvi ng myself to look the way I did. It did not take long before I dropped out of ballet school because of anorexia nervosa. My parents sent me to an eating disorder facility, where I stayed for more than six months. I was obsessed with ballet and it was not easy for me to see myself with the objectivity others did.I had not learned the appropriate mechanisms to deal with stressful situations. In the eating disorder facility, my therapist assisted me in examining my thoughts and behaviors and devised strategic ways effect the necessary life-style changes. However, even when the labels are accepted, I did not realize the severity of my eating disorder and anorexia slowly shifted to bulimia. I had been semi-phobic of solid food for years. Every time I started eating, I could not control myself and I just kept eating. I then hated myself after every episode of binging. Purging therefore made me better and gave me a sense of control.I was always telling myself I do not need to do this. The n I would look in the mirror and realize that I would get extremely fat if the food did not get out of my system I just could not help it. Due to such conditions, I would find it extremely difficult to manage my school schedule as well as my coursework. I had to attend every week counseling sessions for treatment of psychological symptoms due to depression, anxiety and eating disorders. To be honest with you, I was desperate because I could not see myself living unfreeze of an eating disorder within one and a half years.Looking back at my life script, I see how the intersection of my life and tarradiddle shaped my variable perceptiveness of good and bad. I have met many different people who have played an important role in share shape my personality, thereby making significant changes in my life. I still have ongoing personal issues regarding weight and body size. The perception from my ballet teachers that average body weights are not acceptable has slowly been ingrained in my mind over a period of fourteen years. Consequently I still have a phobia of taking too many calories, and I cannot eat three meals a day.In addition to that, I still apply a bit of guilt after each meal, but at least I have learnt to enjoy my meals. Eating disorders leave one very confused. I got through a lot of different things and I believe I have gained more depth as human being. I am pretty sure that this now the time to take my growth to the next level. I got an acceptance letter from UC two weeks ago and building up a new career is one way of coping with feelings of inadequacy. Now that I have spilled my secret life script, I am able to see myself more objectively.

Cleanliness is Next to Goldenness Essay Example for Free

Cleanliness is Next to Goldenness EssayEach f al matchless thousands of high school graduates, enter their next phase of life, the college phase. Arriving on campus filled with excitement and waiting for all the hectic college experiences. Finding class manners, ordering books, late night studying, parties and sleeping in till three in the afternoon. The immunity is nice. A large part of college students are busy doing homework and socializing with others, and dont have enough time to lave their living environment. By creating a time schedule in which each roommate foot clean a certain playing area in the dorm will overall enhance a healthier living quarters. After the acceptance into a college or university, the next relative question would be, Who will my roommate be? and What he/she will be like As cited by Romos and Torgler, Specifi songy, when academics see that other academics have violated the social norm of keeping the common room clean, all else being equal, the pr obability of their littering increases by around 40% (Romos, J., Torgler, B., 2013). An unclean living area could result in, Clutter or filth, clutter undersurface collect dirt, endure a hiding spot for pests, and washbasin cause trips or falls (National Center for Healthy Housing, n.p.). People would think that everyones natural instincts is to pick up after themselves when they see clothes on the floor, dirty dishes in the sink, or a carpet that needs to be vacuumed. But never the less, studies show if one person in the home is careless about his or her things, the opposite person will eventually adapt the careless routine. Another viewpoint that could be taking into perspective is, probably the student is to busy to clean, or perhaps their parents cleaned their surrounding for them. Being the bigger person in this type of situation by just cleaning up after them could potentially create an environment of cleanliness and the careless person will catch on.Although, having a dor m room to call your own isnt quite what its made up to be. It is in fact your room. However, students should be mindful that they are sharing their living quarters with others. gladness stated that, We came to feel that students really ought to take more responsibility for their own space (as cited in Chronicle of Higher Education, 1999).Adjusting to college, sharing a room, living room and sometimes a kitchen can be deceiving. One thing about being apart of the dorm lifestyle is sharing your space. Within that space is your prop as well as two or more peoples belongings. And by just being in fancy of your own personal belongings can in the long run result in a more organized environment. Granted, you may have a very heavy schedule, adapting to college could be evoke and stressful. You may not have much time to pick up after yourself or clean your surroundings. Be mindful, if your roommate has an unorganized space and your brass is kept up neatly, do not alter your habits for s omeone else. If this situation accrues, I highly suggest to sit down with all your roommates to discuss who and when everyone should clean the dorm. Thus, gives you and your roommates the opportunity to vent their opinions as will as solve any miscommunication problems.Becoming an adult can be life changing, there is more things in life that you are responsible for, as stated by Kurtus, A person who has a reputation of being responsible is trusted to do things on his or her own, without supervision (Kurtus , 2001). Taking full responsibility and owning up to all the mishaps that go on in your dorm is vary important. Being irresponsible can lead to a dysfunctional living area and can potentially lead your other friends not wanted to come over, because its dirty, unorganized or just filled with clutter. Sharing the responsibility of your room, living room, bathroom and perhaps the kitchen, can ultimately change the way you and your roommates work together. Creating a schedule that can be posted on the wall for everyone to read, with a helpful layout of who and when each roommate will clean a certain area in the dorm. This schedule will effectively mold a healthier and cleaner environment as the semester or year goes. This will create an overall respect, responsibility, self control and comfort knowing that the dorm is kept up and clean.Me and my three other roommates personally created a flexible schedule that helped each one of us. Within the initiative week of school, we sat down and figured out our class schedule and a preferred time frame that everyone was comfortable with. Every two years someone for example, was in charge of the bathroom, and living room. Along with those responsibilities also came withtaking personal care of your bed side such as, picking clothes complete the floor, an organized work area and a straighten bed. With my previous personal experience, I came to the conclusion that having a schedule in place makes a bulky difference, compa red to when I go into another dorm with four other girls and they do not have a schedule. I tend to notice that if there is no schedule in place, the roommates just give-up the ghost day by day lives, without thinking to clean.The messy room is emblematic, a strident statement. Feeling entitled to live on his or her own, more independent, Its my space, its my decision, its my life (Pickhardt, 2012). Everyone makes their own decisions, either good or bad. Whether or not its choosing to clean, organize or just establish your area dirty, its totally up to you. However it will result in major consequences that will effect you in the long run. Affectively, keeping your area clean can create great habits that you will continue to follow in the future.ReferencesChronicle of Higher Education. (1999). Can somebody at least do my laundry?. Chronicle of Higher Education, 46(11), n.p. (no doi or database) Kurtus, R. (2001, April 18). Being responsible shows character. Retrieved from http//www .school-for-champions.com/character/responsible.htm National Center for Healthy Housing. (n.p.). Healthy homes. Retrieved from http//health.nv.gov/Healthy%20Homes/HH_Resource_Booklet.pdf Pickhardt, C. (2012). The messy room. Retrieved from http//www.netplaces.com/positive-discipline/supervision-the-second-factor/the-messy-room.htm Romos, J., Torgler, B. . (2013). ar academics messy? testing the broken windows theory with a field experiment in the work environment. Review Of Law Economics, 8(2), 563-574. doi 10.1515/1555-5879.1617 Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S. (2009). The impact of living in co-ed resident halls on risk-taking among college students. Journal Of American College Health, 58(3), 241-246. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus with Full Text.

Demand And Supply In The Cigarette Industry Economics Essay

Demand And Supply In The Cig arette Industry Economics testifyThe following taste helps us know what gather up and leave concept and that we are explaining with the example of cigarette application. And we have also mentioned the movers affecting the study and supply for cigarettes in the market. The evidence also includes the in dress effect, impact of close substitutes and compliments, and also the price and income ginger nut of the yield of the labor. A cigarette is a intersection consumed through sens and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco plant leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with more or less other additives,1 then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (gener anyy desirable to 100mm in length and 10mm in diameter). Rates of cigarette vary widely. While rates of smoking have leveled get rid of or declined in the developed nations, they continue to rise in developing nations.Fixing the price of a product is a very import ant factor for an organisation and the product success. Organizations estimate at the effective make (demand) and effective supply (supply) of a product to set the best price to generate the upper limit r purgeue for the organisation. If the price of the product make ups or decrease then it can affect the demand of the product. As the price of a superb rises slight pass on be demanded, and if the price f on the wholes more bequeath be demanded (Philp Galt, 2009, Lecture Notes, p 2). The increase or decrease in price can overstep due to the either out-of-door or internal or both environments of the organisation.Demand of a product or service can be outlined as the amount of a peculiar(a) economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price over a specific period of time. The demand is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as the price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by differen t factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme fortunes, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or nearly infinite at a given price (in the case of the tobacco industry) (Beardshaw, 1991). consort to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) it could be deduced that demand relative to the tobacco industry is caused by a number of aspects in which the key driver is the price of the cigarettes. As a result, for a cigarette (t) the sum of money demanded (QtD) represents a function of its price (pt), individual node (n) income levels (Y1 Yn), other forms of substitutes like electronic cigarettes and herbal cigarettes (r1rt-1) and other external factors (E) such as labour, raw material. Then, demand within the tobacco industry can be represented asQtD = f (pt, Y1 Yn, r1rt-1, E)Being consistent with this, powerful demand in economics (tobacco industry) would be hard to figure the quantity demanded due to the number of determinants required to make-up the cigarette packets price and quantity, in that locationfore, it is assumed that all factors are held constant and the market (quantity demanded) is analysed as a function of packet price. So the quantity demandedQtD = f (pt, Y1 Yn, r1rt-1, E)Graphically illustrated will beFollowing the higher up figure, managers would be able to depict that the higher the price of the cigarette packets in the industry, the lower the demand for it. Consequently prices will have to move from p0 to p1 in frame to increase demand from q0 to q1.Consider two extreme cases. Suppose the price of all cigarettes rises by 1 per cent. The quantity of cigarettes demanded will not affect that much. the great unwashed who can easily quit smoking have already done so. In contrast, suppose the price of a particular brand of cigarettes rises by 1 per cent, all other brand prices remaining unchanged. We expect a much larger quantity response. Consumers switch from the dearer brand to other brands tha t also satisfy the nicotine habit. For a particular cigarette brand the demand elasticity is quite high.From the above figure it can be noted that the same $1 tax has a much larger impact on quantity when demand is more elastic than when it is inelastic. Elasticity is the reactivity of one variable (e.g. demand) to a change in another (e.g. price). This concept is fundamental to understanding how market works. The more elastic variable is, the more responsive the market to changing circumstances (Sloman, 2005).The law of demand terra firmas that a fall in the price of a good raises the quantity demanded. The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to a change in price.(Mankiw, 1998)Cigarette consumption is totally found to be negatively related to price. As far the result of the test, surveys and the studies done before, in that respect result says that increase in price on cigarettes are not that much affected on the demand of it. Many economi sts viewed that cigarette smoking is illogical and therefrom not suitable for usual economic analysis. They believe that demand for cigarettes does not follow the basic law of economics including the downward-sloping demand curve.Findings on how demand for cigarettes changes as consumers income increases is inconsistent. From a number of studies it found that income has either negative effect or insignificant effect on the demand of cigarettes. As far as the government and other health concern trust are trying to stop smoking in public place and in the private work sites because it is very disadvantageous for other who is non potfulr and it is not environmental friendly (Bradford, 2003, Vol 9).Government at all levels are adopting the policies to limit smoking. Government also banned that it the customer should be above a legal age to buy the cigarettes. World health organisation survey of smoking control policies in lot of countries indicated that the mostly all the countries ha ve adopted policies to limit smoking in public places. Although the restrictions are primarily intended to reduce non-smokers, they can also affect the smokers since the restrictions reduce the smokers opportunities to smoke or otherwise raise the make up of smoking (Reuijl Leeflang, 1985, Vol 49). Cigarettes was the one of the most advertised and promoted product in the world. But due to some controversial issues umteen countries restrict it. While some other countries have few restrictions, others ban advertising and promotion completely.Due to the restriction on the advertising and the promotion the demand of the cigarette industry was affected. A lot of new opportunities of the new organization to enter are hard. And the new customers or consumers are decreased. And due to this there is less increase in the quantity of the young generation.Cigarettes are been long been taxed by the government and due to this there is rise in the price in some countries. Taxes are varying from country to country and the price also. The inelastic demand off the product makes good revenue for the government. But in recent gross has been applied to cigarettes are in order to health. Cigarette taxes in some countries such as the United States have been imposed by various levels of government, national, state and local level. Governments in nearly every country impose taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products.One of the major factors that affect the demand for any product is due to the substitutes. The more substitutes, the more elastic the demand will be. For example, if the price of petrol went up by 0.25, consumers could replace public transport. This authority that petrol is an elastic good because a raise in price will cause a large decrease in demand as consumers start travel by the public transport more from private transport. The rise of the fuel price can affect the automobile industry. This factor is also known as the invisible hand (Adam Smith Cited in Mish an, 1993, p 91) which is affected from the variation of the other product or substitutes which affects the main product demand in the market. For the tobacco industry the invisible hand factor is not that much affected scarcely the competition in the market within the industry is high.If the price of intoxicant goes up as a whole, there will be probably a little change in the consumption of beer and other products because there are only few substitutes for alcohol. Most people are not willing to give up their enjoyment at any cost and even the alcohol is used in several medicines also so no matter what the price is the consumption of alcohol will be not affected by the substitutes. Therefore, we would say, that alcohol is an inelastic product because of its lack of substitutes. So we can say that a product is elastic in the industry but the complete industry tends to be inelastic.This is the second factor that effects the demand elasticity and it refers the total amount of a pers on that can be spend on a particular product or good. Like, if the price of a chocolate goes up from 1 to 2 and income of the customer remains the same, the amount that is available to spend on chocolate is for e.g. 4, is now enough for only 2 rather than 4 chocolates. In other words, the customer is forced to reduce the demand of chocolate. Thus if there is an increase in price and no change in the amount of income available to spend on the product then there will be an elastic reaction in demand. But in cigarette industry it is not that much affected because of the addiction of the consumer.Time is the third factor which influences the demand elasticity. If the price of packet of cigarette goes up 1, a smoker with a veryfew available substitutes will continue buying the daily cigarettes. It means that cigarettes have inelastic demand because the changes in price will not have a great influence on the quantity demanded. But if the customer or consumer finds that they are not capabl e or cannot afford to spend the increased amount then they will definitely try to quit it but in a long run. Then for that customer price elasticity of cigarettes becomes elastic in the long run.If quantity demanded is completely unaffected by a price change, thenIf the absolute value of the elasticity of demand is less than 1 at some blot, we say that demand is inelastic at that point (Varian, 2006, P 282). You would say that demand is perfectly inelastic at that price, to reflect the fact that quantity demanded is completely unresponsive to a change in price. On a graph with price on the y-axis, perfectly inelastic demand appears as a vertical demand curve. Its slope is negative infinity, which leads to Ed = 0. spirit at the graph above, we can see that a 5 percent increase in price causes no change in quantity demanded. Therefore, Ed = 0 and demand is perfectly inelastic for the tobacco industry. and then, manager of a cigarette company within the industry should not worry abou t the taxation from the government or increase in price due to the external environment due to the inelastic demand for the tobacco industry.(Source by Begg Ward, 2007)The variation in consumer demand for cigarettes with respect to income is ambiguous from a theoretical stand point. Cigarettes consumption could be a normal good for which the level of consumers demand increases with income. Alternatively, it could also be a lower good for which the consumer demand drops with income levels. In either case, the presence of such behavior gives us no guidance whatsoever with respect to the close to which these decisions are rational.Similarly the other major factor which can be affected by the price of the cigarettes is supply. Supply for a product or a service can be defined as the quantity of a good, seller wishes to sell at each possible price. Supply of a good refers to various quantities of good which a seller is willing and able to sell at different prices in a given market, at a particular point of time, other things remaining the same. An aspect of supply which needs attention is that supply is related to scarcity. It is only the scarce good which has a supply price. On the contrary, goods which are available freely have no supply price, e.g. Air is available freely and hence, does not have a supply price (Begg et al, 2005).According to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) supply relative to the tobacco industry is reflective of the number of competitors (m) setting the price of providing cigarettes packets as a function of the level of technology (T) determines the price (pt), cost of resources, for example, labour, taxations, substitutes, and quality within the manufacture process (F1, F2 Fm) and other charge (w) i.e. cost of machines and salaries of work force, all add up to become determinants of the number of cigarettes packets to be supplied at each given price. It is represented asQtS = T (pt, F1, F2 Fm, w)Identical to economics in demand, in the analysis o f supply all factors are held constant and quantity is seen as a function of priceQtS = T (pt, F1, F2 Fm, w)Graphically illustrated asFrom the above figure managers can know that a investing in manufacturing the product needs a certain level of supply to overcome from they break even point, therefore higher the investment in price the more the supply. Hence cigarette manufacturing companies offer different brands for the taste e.g. long cigarettes, strong and light cigarettes. Consequently, the managers will push for a higher supply in p1 to maximize profit.If there is plenty of spare capacity of Cigarettes then a business should be able to increase its output without a rise in costs and therefore supply will be elastic in response to a change in demand.Supply Elasticity is a measure of the degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in the products own price. Elasticity of supply works similarly. If a change in price results in a big change in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one (Lipsey Chrystal, 2004)On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one.As we have seen that demand of cigarette is inelastic we can observe from the graph that supply of cigarette is also inelastic i.e. even a big change in price does not have major change in quantity supplied. It means that when a price increases consumers will not demand for more quantity thats why supply will also remain the same.After knowing that the demand and supply for the tobacco industry is inelastic but the competition within the industry is high. The higher price than the competitors can result less demand for the product, the lower price can increase the demand for the product. It influences managerial decision to look for the new markets where they can reduce their operational and manufacturing cost like cheap labour, as well as look for the new market so that the organisation can generate maximum revenue.This content can be found on the following pagehttp//www.investorwords.com/1396/demand.html codaThis essay completely shows us that how the demand and supply take effects into the market and how principles of demand and supply inform the managerial decision making. From this essay we come to know that the cigarette industry is not that much affected from the higher price that much and its demand in the market is almost remain same. From this essay we come to know that both the supply elasticity and demand elasticity for cigarette industry are inelastic, they are not affected by the price. From the essay we come to know that income effect is significant and positive in case of cigarette industry.RefrencesBeardshaw, J, 1991, second Edition, Economics, London, Pitman Publishing.Begg, David, Fisher, Stanley, Dornbusch, Rudiger, 2005, Economics, 8th Edition, Berkshire, McGraw Hill Education.Begg, David, Ward Damian, 2007, Economics for Business, 2nd Edition, Berkshire, McGraw Hill Education.Data Monitors, 2005, UK Cigarettes, Business Source Premier.Lipsey, Chrystal, 2004, 10th Edition, Economics, Ney Work, Oxford University Press.Philp, B., Wheatley, D., Galt, V. (2009). Business Economics, Unpublished Course Notes, Nottingham Trent University, pp. 9-15.Philp, B., Galt, V., 2009, Business Economics, Unpublished Course Notes, Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University p 2.Mankiw, G., N., 1998, Principles of Economics, Orlando, The Dryden Press.Mishan, E., J., 1993, The Costs of Economic Growth, rewrite Edition, London, Weidenfeld Nicolson, p 91.Sloman, J., 2005, The Economic Environment Of Business, Harlow Essex, Pearson Education Limited.Varian, H., R. 2006, Intermediate Micro Economics, 7th Edition, Ney York, Norton Company, p 282.Bradford, W.,D., 2003, The American Economic Review, Pregnancy And The Demand For Cigarettes .www.chowrangi.com/e-cigarette-quit-smoking-while-smoking.htmlLeefhang, P.,S.,H., Reuijl, J.,C., 1985, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing, majority 49, Advertising and Industry Sales An Empirical Study of the West German Cigarette Market.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Causes and Symptoms

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Causes and SymptomsPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome in the Reproductive Woman An Epidemiological ApproachAbstract unrivaled of the most prevalent disorders among women with reproductive age is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Though the etiology of this syndrome is unknown, it can be diagnosed on the basis of three cardinal characteristics. This paper defines the take along with a brief background and its significance. It also explores the prevalence and incidence rate worldwide and especially in Pakistan. Moreover, it will enlighten the major risk factors and long term concerns which wipe out made life of women miserable. A review of treatment which involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological ways that is diet and exercises will be utmostlighted. Furthermore, it provides recommendation at individual, community, institutional, national and government level. It also explores the need of future researches among women with PCOS. By approaching all these aspects, women can combat with PCOS and reduce forthcoming morbidities.Women of all ages experience ninefold health issues. Particularly, women during her reproductive years encounter gynecological and endocrine disorders that exasperate their lives. Among all disorders, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy. PCOS was referred as Stein-Leventhal Syndrome after Irving Stein and Micheal Leventhal, who startle described it in 1935 (KINZA). However, record of PCOS dates back from atavistic era. Hippocrates, Soranus of Ephesus and Moises Maimonides identified women with oligomenorrhea, sterile conditions, masculine and healthy appearance which suggests PCOS (Azziz, Dumessic, Goodarzi, 2011). According to National Institute of Health group (1990), Women argon defined to have PCOS if they have chronic anovulation and evidence of androgen excess for which there is no other cause (Guzick, 2004, p. 181).The diagnostic criterias for PCOS atomic num ber 18 convened by the National Institute of Health in 1992, the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine i.e. Rotterdam criterion in 2004 and the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society in 2006. However, a Rotterdam criterion is widely used. According to Rotterdam criterion, presence of any two cardinal features is sufficient to diagnose a woman with PCOS. These features include oligomenorrhea or anovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. This criterion also defines the morphology of polycystic ovaries i.e. the presence of 12 or more follicles measuring amid 2 and 9 mm in diameter and/or an maturationd ovarian volume of smashinger than 10 cm3 (Sirmans Pate, 2014, p. 3).PCOS has a high prevalence and incidences non only in western compasss, but also in Eastern areas, specifically in Asia. Rehman, Salahuddin and Obaid-ur-Rehman (2005) estimated 20% women from the general population, and 10% wom en of reproductive age stand out from PCOS. A study conducted in UK account that 20% 25% white women suffer from PCOS whereas the ratio was found to be much higher in to the south Asian women i.e. 52% (Karachi Seminar told ovarian disease, 2010). A prospective study conducted in Greece, Spain and United States concluded that about 4% 8% of women were diagnosed with PCOS (Teed, Deeks Moran, 2010). In India, a cross-sectional study revealed that 51 out of 96 women have PCOS (Bhattacharya Jha, 2011). Furthermore, 20.7% women of reproductive age group are affected in Pakistan (Baqai, Khanam, Parveen, 2010). The morbidity rate of PCOS is expanding to a great momentum due to lack of awareness regarding preventive measures and inappropriate healthcare facilities. Its long term consequences do not limit to the reproductive axis women with PCOS are at high risk for acquiring metabolic and cardiovascular illnesses (Avery Mayer, 2007). Inspite of its deleterious impacts PCOS has pers isted for many years. It also corpse a challenge for the clinicians to diagnose and do it it. However, better understanding of the complexities of PCOS will ultimately lead to improved health outcomes and effective clinical care. This compelled us to converse over the epidemiology of PCOS. PCOS has been identified as an area of clinical need and as a public health issue (Hailes, 2011, p. 28).The exact etiology of PCOS is yet unknown, but several sufficient determinants are associated with its particular (Rehman et al., 2005). Insulin resistance is the major underlying factor. About 50-80% of the women with insulin resistance reported to have PCOS. Insulin plays both direct and indirect roles in the appearance of the disease. High levels of insulin work synergistically to the luteinizing hormone. in concert they summation the androgen production of theca cells which lead to lipid abnormalities (Zacur, 2003). Moreover, elevated insulin level inhibits hepatic synthesis of sex hormon ebinding globulin leading to step-up amount of unbound or free testosterone (Ehrmann, 2005). Ahmed et al. (2008) highlighted genetics as an important risk factor for PCOS. Deregulation of the cytochrome P450c17 gene affects ovarian function which results in hyperandrogenism (Ahmed et al., 2008). Ehrmann (2005) reported that an abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPOA) is associated with PCOS. Rojas et al. (2014) concluded that an increase impulse frequency of HPOA raises the production of luteinizing hormone (LH). This in turn increases the synthesis of androgens, suggestive of PCOS (Ehrmann, 2005). Other factors include altered steroid metabolism that is dysregulation of 11b-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (Ahmed et al. 2008). In a retrospective study, women on antiepileptic doses reported menstrual irregularities. Hence a positive similitude between antiepileptic drugs and PCOS was found (Zacur, H., 2005 American Pregnancy Association, 2014). Vitamin D deficie ncy may place a woman to develop PCOS (Thys-Jacobs, Donovan, Papadopoulos, Sarrel, Bilezikian, 1999). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) decreases if women have higher body mass index (BMI), fat and insulin resistance. Hence, vitamin D deficiency alters intracellular calcium, which results in ovarian dysfunction (Khan et al., 2014).Untreated PCOS have various ramifications, including reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular and psychological alterations. According to Legro et al. (2013), endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer may occur due to deficiency of progesterone. Moreover, women with PCOS are prone to develop Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type II in later life. A case control study revealed that 7.5% of women end up with DM type II (Legro, Kunselman, Dodson, Dunaif, 1999). In addition, PCOS can affect circulatory system in an indirect way as women develop dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological issues reported by wo men with PCOS (Way, 2013). life-style modification should be adopted by women suffering from PCOS. These amendments include weight control, stress management and dietary modification. A small amount of weight outrage as little as 5% can help a woman to regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Weight control can be beneficial for a woman to sustain mental well-being, and enables her to partially culminate the risk of cardiac and metabolic disorders (Boyle Teede, 2012). Moreover, dietary management includes the consumption of low glycemic index, high fiber and low fat diet to reduce the associated symptoms of PCOS.No ideal pharmacological treatment has yet been found that completely treats PCOS. However, symptomatic treatment is ordinarily preferred. Low dose of oral contraceptive pill, cyclic progestin and metformin are used as first line treatment for PCOS. These drugs help in treating ovarian dysfunction, menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism (Garad, Teede, Moran, 20 11). Elter and colleagues concluded from their clinical trial that OCP in combination with metformin is more effective in suppressing the androgen level as compared to OCP alone (Ahmed, Qureshi, Anjum, Akhtar, Anhalt, 2008). In presence of hirsutism spironolactone (200mg/d) is commonly prescribed (Guzick, 2004). Clomiphene citrate is recommended to induce fertility in women with PCOS. It triggers FSH secretion and mature ovarian follicle. Herbal therapies are also used to cure PCOS which includes liquorice, kasip fatimah, spearmint tea leaf, etc. All three herbs have anti-androgenic properties. In Turkey, RCT concluded that women who receive spearmint tea have decreased levels of free testosterone (Goswami, Khale, Ogale, 2012).Recommendation and future researchPCOS is endemic in Pakistan, particularly in the reproductive women. To reduce the incidence rate following(a) recommendation can be helpful. At an individual level, it is real to provide psychological support to the wom en suffering from PCOS. This will enhance her self-confidence and enable her to sell effectively. Moreover, counseling services should be readily available for newly diagnosed women. These services should emphasize on weight management via diet and exercise. Proper instructions regarding drug dosage, side effects and the importance of compliance is crucial. The physical changes in the women with PCOS not only impact her well-being, but her family is equally affected. Therefore, family concerns should be addressed. Further, regular follow up should be stressed.It is estimated that 70% of women with PCOS remain undiagnosed in the community due to lack of awareness (March et al., 2010). Therefore, several screening programs should be organized to assess womens physical, metabolic, and reproductive health. These programs help women to identify any alterations in their bodily functions. Further, it helps health care workers to plan effective need based interventions for them. Community health centers should tog weekly monitoring of blood pressure, weight and BMI. Health institutions should initiate yearly screening programs for lipid profile, glucose levels (Boyle et al., 2012) and Vitamin D levels.Various mediums can be used to increase awareness in the population. Women should be educated to self-monitor the symptoms of PCOS. This could be achieved through the distribution of pamphlets, brochures, and flyers at institutional level. Similarly, at national level mass media like television set shows and commercials, plays an important role.Awareness is an essential tool to save future daughters, wives and mothers from PCOS. Government in affiliation with health and education sectors should make policies to initiate awareness among trail going girls, regarding menstrual irregularities and warning signs of PCOS. Also, the government should introduce free health services in district and tehsil hospitals to maintain sexual health of women (Beydoun et al., 2009). In quislingism with non-governmental organizations awareness sessions and support groups should be planned for high risk and previously diagnosed women to prevent them from complications. More parks and walking tracks should be made, and specific hours should be allocated for women.PCOS remains a debating issue for researchers as its causes and outcomes are emerging day by day. Matzke (2011) suggested that large sample studies in non-randomized clinical trials should be conducted. This would increase validity, reliability and applicability of the researches. Longitudinal studies should be conducted, and an individual should be followed for more than 5 years exactly after the diagnosis. The purpose of long term monitoring is to evaluate the significant changes that occur due to PCOS (Matzke, 2011). There is a need to modify the name of PCOS as this term only focuses on cyst and ovaries. Therefore, a name that defines its elaborateness and reflects its characteristics in metabolic, hyp othalamus, pituitary, ovarian, and adrenal interactions should be suggested (National Institute of Health, 2012). A few studies indicate that fertility drug such as clomiphene citrate may increase the risk of ovarian cyst if taken for a long period (American Pregnancy Association, 2014). In this regard, further experimental researches should be performed to evaluate the evidence of PCOS in such women. A Chinese medicine cryptotanshinone is known for its significant effect in endocrine and metabolic disorders. However, this medicine is only tested on rats and showed a significant decrease in the symptoms of PCOS (Yu et al., 2014). Therefore, clinical trials of this drug are suggested. Ayurveda is a traditionally used treatment regimen. An experimental uncontrolled study was done to check over the effectiveness of samprapti kriya and other herbs for curing sub-fertility in PCOS. Results showed that 85% of the women get cured and75% were able to conceive (Siriwardene, Karunathilaka, K odituwakku, Karunarathne, 2010). About 70% of Pakistani people prefer alternating(a) therapies over conventional medicines (Kokab Ahmad, 2011). Therefore, further research is required to validate the effectiveness of ayurveda treatment.In conclusion, PCOS have emerged as a devastating endocrine disorder amongwomen worldwide. The straits cause is unknown yet. This syndrome displays a variety of reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular and psychological features. Management primarily focuses on lifestyle modification along with certain pharmacological medications for presenting symptoms. To deplete this disorder, efforts are required at individual, community, institution and governmental level. Working on future research needs would help us to achieve better outcomes in upcoming years.

Leadership Styles And Theories

Leadership Styles And TheoriesJack Welch Leadership StylesJack Welch was CEO and chairman of one of the world successful companies, General electric. He began his career with General electric Company in 1960 and became the Companys 8th Chairman and CEO in 1981. During his 20-year reign at GE, the market capitalization of company increased from $13 billion to $four hundred billion, while revenues grew from $27 billion to $125 billion and earnings grew tenfold to almost $14 billion. According to Fortune magazine, he was named Manager of the Century in 2000 (Welch, J Welch, S 2008). Welch had not only brought to company the increasing in profits and financial gains but also brought to GE the creative and innovative theories in the way of operating an institution. Welchs theories on leadership and management were evaluated as perfect principles in organizational effectiveness. One of leaderships theories that Jack Welch successfully applied to General Electric was his aver guess o f leaders 4E.His theory, which is now called E to the fourth power, is for leaders who drop huge personal qualification, the capability to inspire and energize others, the environ for being competitive and the ability to execute on these attributes (Byrne, 1998).Firstly, 4E leader has energy. Welch notes that the intelligence and decision making ability are not enough for the leaders, they mustiness have source of energy to convert good ideas into measurable performance. This intellectual energy also called emotional energy that helps leaders build the spirit or morale of an organization. Welch believes that passion is more important for 4E leaders than charisma. Having passion, it is something that comes from deep inside said by Welch. Organization needs people that not only want to tactile sensation passionate about their job but also willing to sacrifice their personal goal to achieve company goals. The next important task was to work shift energy into results. He had a we ll-known Work-OutTM that focus on the three key goals bring more productive, self- confidence to the organization and eliminated bureaucratism (Krames 2005, p. 25-28). Welch recognized that bureaucracy was waste, redundant approvals and eliminated competitive spirit of the company so he cut down the organizational structure by removing management layers, dropped unimportant work and do the workplace more relaxed (Krames 2002, p. 5). He believed that people could work more effectively and positively in a cleaner and filter organization where they were given way to grow and expand their abilities.According to Welch, everything could be shiftd such as the market share, customers of GE, competitive environment and so on. He convinced people to see change as an opportunity rather than a threat. This could be seen as a source of energy that brought effectiveness and productivity to the organization (Krames 2005, p. 32). Moreover, the way to add energy is through encourage and engage peo ple to donate their new ideas. The Welchs Work-Out initiative demonstrated that he tried to build up a forum for employees to lecture out their own ideas and render what need to be done directly to the boss in order to make the organization better (Krames 2005, p. 35-37). Welch had turned the power structure down to make leaders and followers more close to each other in exchanging work and sharing ideas. Welch had applied successfully transformational leadership theory in his company. He narrowed the distance between leaders and followers and brought motivation and innovation to the workplace environment in order to make organization better.Secondly, 4E leader has to know how to energize people to act and inspire them to perform well in order to achieve organizations goals. Leader requires having confidence and has to instill their confidence into the spirit of organization. One of important keys to energize people to carry out their jobs is to make sure that followers are engaged in jobs (Krames 2005, p. 49-50). Furthermore, leader must know that the key to inspiring is not to micro-manage, but to sketch a few general goals and let people work with them (Krames 2005, p. 53). Welch felt that managers should not fork up to micro-manage in details. Workers are anxious to make decision when they work in organization with full of micro-managers. By energize people to think and contribute their own ideas, organizations are well-equipped to battle in global business arena (Krames 2002, p. 23). According to Welch, the 4E leader made sure that there is a place for people to present new ideas and grant credit to those who come up with best ideas (Krames 2005, p. 57). The last part of energizing puzzle was GEs reward system. Welch introduced reward system called one-currency GE trite that managers receive its options every year. He confirmed the different amount of stocks based on the different levels of performance. This system helped Welch to tie every managers an d employees at GE on the same boat. People have more responsibility when they get their lives involved in the organization. By establishing this system, Welch had increased the productivity across all GE businesses (Krames 2005, p. 62-63).The tertiary E of 4E leader is Edge. Welch noted that leaders with raciness had a competitive spirit and recognized the worth of speed. They were confident so that they know the right judgment of conviction to green light or red light project and when to take an acquisition (Krames 2005, p. 75). The great example for leader with edge was when Welch reinvented GE requiring many actions that at rest(p) in paradoxical direction. He cut costs heartlessly and deeply on the GE payroll by firing 118,000 people while outgo millions on nonproductive things. In a contradiction of business, Welch said that we have to shrink in order to grow we have to give things up in order to gain things. By reducing jobs and shutting down unproductive factories, the G Es profit margins and inventory turns increased dramatically. Welch proved that he was a leader with edge who doesnt fear to give hard decision (Krames 2005, p. 77-78). The second and third theory of Welchs 4E leader shows that he is a truly transformational leader who encouraged spirit to crap organization goals and increased market growth for the organization.ReferenceByrne, J 1998, How Jack Welch runs GE, Business Week cover story, viewed 4 December 2009, .Krames, JA 2002, The Welch Way, McGraw-Hill, unseasoned York.Krames, JA 2005, Jack Welch and the 4Es of leadership, McGraw-Hill, New York.Welch, J Welch, S 2008, Jack Welch Biography, The Welch Way, viewed 2, December, 2009, .

Scopes Monkey Trial :: essays research papers

I think the Scopes rivulet brought together a great cast of characters three-time presidential scene William Jennings Bryan Americas best defense attorney, Clarence Darrow and its most popular journalist, H. L. Mencken. It was a trial about ideas, a contest between traditionalism, the faith of our fathers, and modernism, the idea that we test faith with our intellect. And it had what the unfermented York Times c each(prenominal)ed the most memorable event in Anglo-Saxon court history Darrows calling of William Jennings Bryan, the prosecutor, to the stand and examining him on his interpretation of the Bible. Seventy-five years later, this trial has stood the test of time. Clarence Darrow was a nearly-70 year old attorney who was largely regarded as Americas most eloquent defense attorney. He had the ability to transform almost whatever courtroom trial into a much larger context, and raised large social and political issues that captured the public imagination. He also had a very respectable sense of humor, which sometimes got him into trouble, as in the Scopes case, when complaining to the judge after his request to introduce scientific expert testimony had been rejected said, "Why is it that all of our requests are rejected?" The judge answered, "I hope you do not mean to reflect upon the Court?" Darrow replied, "Well, Your Honor has the right to hope." H. L. Mencken was the reporter who played a large role in the trial, and is well-known as one of Americas most colorful, acerbic, and in his own way, prejudiced reporters, but his colorful reporting added greatly to our sympathy of the trial. William Jennings Bryan was a three-time failed presidential candidate who, in the years preceding the Scopes trial, had transformed himself into a sort of fundamentalist pope. He campaigned against evolution, at one time religious offering to pay $100 to anyone who personally could prove that he descended from a monkey. If the trial were held today, the law would be held unconstitutional as a violation of the U.S. Constitutions establishment article in the First Amendment. The trial would thus have been decided on the motion to quash the indictment, and there would have been no witnesses and none of the entertainment that we got in 1925.Scopes Place in CultureThe Scopes trial came at a crossroads in history - as people were choosing to cling to the past or wipe into the future.

Armour :: Essays Papers

Armour Armour in chivalric ages was truly one of the most distinguished aspects of life. A family could spend all the money that they had fortifying one of their boys. The modern day equivalent to a fully armoured knight would be a tank for the United States Army. A knights armour was important for a number of reasons. He needed it to be good looking, protective, and well maintained. Armour could take on several forms non just the typical metal suit. It came in the form of hardened leather, chain mail and hanging metal. Chivalry could not be upheld if it were not for Armour. Armour was a key tool of the chivalric period because a knight could not uphold the code of chivalry without it. A knight was judged by the armour that he wore and how he appeared in it. There were strict rules as to how the armour was to be applied to the knight and what the squire was supposed to bring to the discipline of battle. This is clearly evident in the following passage taken from the SCA web site (http//www.sca.org/chivarts.html ) entitled To Arm A Man GRAFICAS First you must pin down the sabatons and tie them to the shoe with small points that will not break. And then the greaves and cuisses over the breeches of mail. Then place the taces upon his hips. And then the breast and back plates, the vambraces and rerebraces the arm defenses. And then the gauntlets. Hang the dagger on his right side, his short sword upon his left side in a round ring that it may be lightly drawn. And then put his cote upon his back. The bascinet follows, laced to the cuirass in front and back that it sits just so. And then his long sword in his hand, a small poll bearing the figure of Saint George or Our Lady in his left hand. Now he is ready to take to the field. What an Appellant shall bring to the field